第1章?語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

1.1?復(fù)習(xí)筆記

本章要點(diǎn)：

1. The definition and the design features of language

語(yǔ)言的定義與特征

2. The origin and the function of language

語(yǔ)言的起源和功能

3. Main branches of linguistics study

語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的范圍和內(nèi)容

4. Important distinctions in Linguistics

語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一些重要區(qū)分

本章考點(diǎn)：

1. 有關(guān)語(yǔ)言的常考考點(diǎn)

語(yǔ)言的定義；語(yǔ)言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位性、文化傳遞和互換性）；

語(yǔ)言的功能（提供信息、人際交往、施為、表達(dá)情感、寒暄、娛樂(lè)、元語(yǔ)言）；

語(yǔ)言的起源（神授說(shuō)，人造說(shuō)(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“喲——嘿——吼”理論)，進(jìn)化說(shuō)）等。

2. 有關(guān)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的常考考點(diǎn)

（1）語(yǔ)言學(xué)的定義，現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法學(xué)研究的三個(gè)顯著區(qū)別。

（2）語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的四個(gè)原則及其簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明。語(yǔ)言學(xué)中幾組重要區(qū)別，每組兩個(gè)概念的含義、區(qū)分及其意義。

（3）普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要分支學(xué)科及各自的研究范疇。

（4）宏觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要分支及各自的研究范疇。

本章內(nèi)容索引：

I. Definition of language

II. Design features of language

1. Arbitrariness

2. Duality

3. Creativity

4. Displacement

5. Cultural Transmission

6. Interchangeability

III. Origin of language

1. The Biblical account

2. The bow-wow theory

3. The pooh-pooh theory

4. The yo-he-ho theory

5. The evolution theory

IV. Functions of language

1. Informative function

2. Interpersonal function

3. Performative function

4. Emotive function

5. Phatic function

6. Recreational function

7. Metalingual function

V. Definition of linguistics

VI. Branches of linguistics

1. Microlinguistics

2. Macrolinguistics

VII. Important concepts and their distinctions

1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic

3. Langue vs. Parole

4. Competence vs. Performance

5. Etic vs. Emic

6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar

7. Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior

I. The definition of language (語(yǔ)言的定義)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.

語(yǔ)言是人類以口頭交流的任意的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。該定義揭示了語(yǔ)言的五個(gè)要素：系統(tǒng)，任意，口頭，符號(hào)，人類。

II. The design features of language (語(yǔ)言的定義特征)

【考點(diǎn)：名詞解釋&填空】

Design features refer to the defining properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

語(yǔ)言的定義特征是人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別于其他動(dòng)物交流系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)。

1. Arbitrariness (任意性)

It is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.

任意性是語(yǔ)言的核心特征，是指符號(hào)的形式或者聲音與意義之間沒(méi)有邏輯或內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。 雖然語(yǔ)言從本質(zhì)上講是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些詞語(yǔ)，例如一些擬聲詞的發(fā)音與其意義還是有一定聯(lián)系的。

2. Duality (二重性)

Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words).

二重性是指擁有兩層結(jié)構(gòu)的這種屬性，底層結(jié)構(gòu)是上層結(jié)構(gòu)的組成成分，每層都有