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2018“外研社·國才杯”全國英語閱讀大賽落下帷幕，閱讀大賽以“Read and Know”, “Read and Reason”, “Read and Question”, “Read and Create”四個模塊架設比賽結構，匠心獨運、層層遞進，啟迪選手智慧、引導選手思考。 為讓大家深入了解決賽賽題及選手表現(xiàn)，小U特地奉上賽題Part IV及冠軍作品展示，以小見大，重現(xiàn)選手風采！ Part IV Read and Create In Part IV, you will read two passages and then write a short essay according to them. You should write with clarity and logic. Directions: Read the following two passages. Write a short essay according to the passages. Passage A On one occasion when a disciple of Confucius was sent on a public mission to a foreign State, he left his mother at home unprovided for. Another disciple then asked Confucius to provide her with grain. 'Give her,' said Confucius, 'so much,' naming a certain quantity. The disciple asked for more. Confucius then named a larger quantity. Finally the disciple gave her a larger quantity than the quantity which Confucius named. When Confucius came to know of it, he remarked, 'When that woman's son left on his mission he drove in a carriage with fine horses and was clothed with costly furs. Now I believe a wise and good man reserves his charity for the really needy; he does not help the well-to-do and rich.' On another occasion, when another disciple was appointed the chief magistrate of a town, Confucius appointed his salary at nine hundred measures of grain. The disciple declined it as being too much. 'Do not decline it,' said Confucius to him, 'If that is more than necessary for your own wants, cannot you share what you do not want with your relatives and neighbors at home?' Source: The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius. Passage B …with respect to acting in the face of danger, courage is a mean between the excess of rashness and the deficiency of cowardice; with respect to the enjoyment of pleasures, temperance is a mean between the excess of intemperance and the deficiency of insensibility; with respect to spending money, generosity is a mean between the excess of wastefulness and the deficiency of stinginess; with respect to relations with strangers, being friendly is a mean between the excess of being ingratiating and the deficiency of being surly… Source: Aristotle: Ethics and the Virtues 41. Write a short essay of about 300 words based on your understanding of the two passages. Remember to write in your OWN words. Your essay should respond to the following questions: 1) In the first story, what was Confucius' attitude toward his disciple? 2) How did Confucius behave differently to his second disciple? And why? 3) Compare Confucius and Aristotle in their understanding of generosity. Please support your opinion with the information from the given passages. 選手答題思路 王清波 湖北大學（指導教師：曾靚婧老師） 2018“外研社·國才杯”全國英語閱讀大賽冠軍 通常的閱讀主觀題要求選手要對文章有或批判或贊成的態(tài)度，而這次的題目重在對于題目信息的提取，即便是最后一問也只是要求選手比較孔子和亞里士多德對于generosity 的理解，而沒有讓選手表達自己認為誰的理解更好。因此，在完成這道題的時候主要將精力放在理解文章和paraphrase上，我認為寫作的目的是傳達觀點和交流，因此不過分糾結語言的華麗，盡量選用平實、簡單的詞匯表達觀點。 關于審題的問題，我注意到賽后部分選手反映糾結第一問的disciple到底是哪個disciple，其實我覺得完全沒必要，因為這三個題目的設置本質上就是讓選手用自己的話說出這兩篇文章的內容，所以我認為前兩問只要表達出“孔子對于第一個學生擅自給獨居的母親那么多grain非常不滿，卻給了第二個當上官的學生非常高的工資，因為孔子認為君子就是應該資助窮人，而不應該去管富人”就OK了。而第三問要求比較孔子和亞里士多德對generosity的理解，他們的不同之處比較明顯，基本看完文章就可總結出來：孔子只幫助窮人不幫助富人，因此他對于要幫助的人是有一個自己的判斷的，而亞里士多德就是中庸之道，花錢就應該不多不少，不管幫誰都是一樣的標準。 確認文章大意理解充分后，我給三個問題分配了不同的篇幅。前兩問我個人認為一兩句話就可以回答，因此用第一個段落回答前兩個問題，后面的所有內容都是回答第三問。此外，我習慣在每一段的開頭清晰地說明這一段將要說什么，方便閱卷老師很快把握我的思路。 選手作品展示 （為真實展示選手賽場上的寫作風貌，文章為從iTEST 大學外語測試與訓練系統(tǒng)中摘出的原生作品，僅供學習分享使用。） In the first story, Confucius had a negative attitude towards his first disciple's decision to give more grain than he allotted to the woman. In contrast, he gave the second disciple who was appointed magistrate much more than he actually needed as his salary, because he followed his principle of helping people that most urgently need help and thought his second disciple fit into the criteria. There are nuances of differences between Confucius and Aristotle's understanding of generosity. Confucius believed that generosity was about refraining from helping the rich and saving all the money for people who are really in need, whereas Aristotle was convinced that generosity was in the middle between the two ends of the spectrum of spending money--- wasting it and not spending anything. When Confucius found that the lonely woman's son was luxurious in his outfits as he left on the mission, he classified the family into financially capable ones and played down the sum of grains that the disciple asked to give to the woman. Then he gave much more salary than necessary for that position of the magistrate and encouraged the appointed disciple to give the amount that he did not need to his family and neighbors. Clearly Confucius had a clear priority in helping people, which was reflected in his behaviour---he was stingy to the rich and extremely generous to the poor. As regards Aristotle,he preferred the middle ground of spending. In his view, you should never spend too much which he labeled as 'wasteful' and too little which he labeled as 'stingy'. This means that Aristotle didn't really categorize and judge the people whom he wanted to spend money on. People should be indiscriminate in their spending and refrain from having different treatments in different circumstances. The term 'generosity' was interpreted differently by the two great masters. Confucius might be able to give more help to people in need, and Aristotle might be able to be objective in his spending, which could rule out the possibility of unfair judgement and unfair categorization when helping the poor. 專家點評 田朝霞教授 南京師范大學 2018“外研社·國才杯”全國英語閱讀大賽評委 文學博士，劍橋大學、倫敦大學學院、墨爾本文法學校訪問學者。南京師范大學“教學十佳”及“教書育人”獎獲得者。 2001年起指導學生參加各類英語賽事，多次獲國家和省級獎項。自2015年起，多次擔任寫作、閱讀大賽評委，《“外研社杯”全國英語寫作大賽官方指南》作者及閱讀大賽學術總顧問。 閱讀大賽的Read and Create部分旨在考查選手對給定文本的閱讀理解能力、分析能力以及語言的組織及表達能力，也側面考查選手的知識儲備、思維和視野。 2018年的閱讀大賽選取了兩段文本。Passage A是指定書目《論語》（辜鴻銘英譯版）中“雍也”中的一小節(jié)，講述了兩個小故事。第一個故事中，孔子的弟子（子華）出使齊國期間，其母生活拮據(jù)，另一個弟子（冉有）請求孔子給予子華母親幫助，并擅做主張，給予了更多，孔子對此舉表現(xiàn)出不贊賞。第二個故事中，貧窮弟子（原先）任職期間，孔子賦予厚祿，弟子推辭，孔子堅持，并鼓勵其將結余送于鄉(xiāng)里。Passage B為亞里士多德闡述有關“generosity”的一句話。要求學生完成一篇作文，闡述和分析孔子在不同場合對其子弟的態(tài)度，并對比孔子和亞里士多德對“generosity”的理解。 這位選手總體表現(xiàn)較好。 第一，文本理解較為準確，直擊要點。 這位選手在第一段干凈利落地指出，孔子對實施慷慨之舉的弟子不贊賞，而對第二個故事中的弟子非常慷慨，并指出，兩個舉動皆出自孔子“周急不濟富”的原則。在對比孔子和亞里士多德對“慷慨”的理解時，選手能夠清楚地陳述兩者的“細微”差別，指出亞里士多德提倡的慷慨，在“不及”和“過度”之間，既不過度浪費，也不過度吝嗇。這位選手的可貴之處在于，指出了亞里士多德采取一種較為客觀的態(tài)度，并不涉及對受益者的人品進行評判和歸類。 第二，分析細致，有理有據(jù)。 多數(shù)選手在回應問題時，采用重述故事的方式，但理據(jù)和觀點之間的邏輯關系，梳理得不夠細致；在對比孔子與亞里士多德的態(tài)度和觀點時，也多草草一兩句，或止于對原文的paraphrase。這位選手在對比兩位大師時，能夠以文本中的材料為依據(jù)，對自己的理解和判斷進行詳細闡述。 第三，作文的“主線”意識較強，語言表述尚好。 多數(shù)選手將重點放在回答問題上，對全文語篇的內部聯(lián)系考慮較少，給人中心不夠突出、邏輯松散的感覺。這位選手別出心裁，以故事為引子，以兩位大師的對比為主線展開，并能夠將文本的主要信息巧妙地嵌入其中。雖然寫作任務并未強求選手突出一個主線，但能夠做到這一點并同時能夠回應問題，也屬難得。 當然，這一份答卷也有令人遺憾之處。 較為明顯的瑕疵是對于語言細節(jié)的關注度不夠——多處拼寫錯誤，多處小語法錯誤，個別標點符號不規(guī)范。從選手的語言運用能力來看，不應該頻繁出錯。若真是“文如其人”，那么這份答卷可能給部分讀者不夠沉著、不夠細心的印象。 其次，在對比孔子和亞里士多德時，細談了兩者的差別，但并未明確說出兩者的相似之處，對題目中要求的“Compare”回應不夠。從所給材料可以看出，兩位大師在這一點上是一致的：并非給的錢越多，就越慷慨。亞里士多德明確指出這一點，而在孔子的第一個故事中，其對施與慷慨的弟子的態(tài)度也可見一斑。 第三，背景知識掌握有限，視野有望再拓展。兩位大師是中西文化的重要代表人物，《論語》更是所列出的必讀書目之一。所選取兩段文本均是兩位大師核心哲學思想的體現(xiàn)。例如，Passage A的兩個故事突出體現(xiàn)了儒家思想中的“仁”和“禮”。孔子主張對窮人給予幫助，這是“仁”的表現(xiàn)。雖不贊賞幫助富裕弟子（子華）之母，但被求助時，孔子仍能基于“禮”做出回應；孔子側面指責富裕弟子不遵孝道，也是基于“禮”的標準；欲幫助貧窮弟子，但并不用施舍方式，而是以增加俸祿的方式，更是其“禮”和“仁”的表現(xiàn)。另一方面，亞里士多德的這段話（包括對“慷慨”的理解）是其“中道”哲學思想的突出表現(xiàn)，中庸倫理觀是亞里士多德倫理學的核心和靈魂。亞里士多德認為，過度與不及都是惡的特點，而適度則是德性（virtue）的體現(xiàn)。如果有選手能夠從對virtue的理解角度去對比兩位大師的思想，也會很精彩。雖然，完成這個Read and Create的任務，不一定非要如此深挖，但是能夠站在更高的高度，以更廣的視野來分析文本，則必定脫穎而出。 總體來說，這位選手的答卷還不錯。但是，我們更希望通過Read and Create以及整個閱讀大賽，同學們能夠求知若渴，博覽群書，汲取世界文化與思想的精華，從而在面對紛繁多變的世界時，能夠更冷靜、更睿智、更無畏。 |
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