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唧唧堂最多產(chǎn)的心理學(xué)研究人Phyliss Gai又出現(xiàn)啦！3篇來自JPSP的論文：1. 性格和智商可以彌補(bǔ)家庭環(huán)境的不足嗎？2.自控力強(qiáng)的人在人際關(guān)系中更易受傷. 3. 出國交換對自尊心的影響. 以及一篇來自PS的文章：4. 講話比寫字更容易被聘用。點擊該頁底部連接“閱讀原文”可訪問Phyliss的研究人空間，與之交流與互動。 歡迎其它小伙伴也可以來唧唧堂介紹自己專業(yè)的論文或研究，閱讀筆記就可以。 為毛小編每天這么吆喝，來寫的小伙伴還是不多呢？大家平常不是要讀很多論文的嘛，筆記不應(yīng)該也是多少會寫一點的嘛，學(xué)校不是還有各種討論會嘛，討論完了把你寫的東西扔到唧唧堂，一來保存起來將來可以看看，二來還可以賺點唧唧堂稿費，多好呀！歡迎加入“唧唧堂頂級期刊最新最熱論文推薦”征稿活動，關(guān)注該微信（jijitang_com）, 回復(fù)“投稿”查看詳情。 本文為唧唧堂原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)請注明：內(nèi)容來自唧唧堂，各學(xué)科最新最熱論文推薦（微信號：jijitang_com） ，謝謝！ JPSP: 性格和智商可以彌補(bǔ)家庭環(huán)境的不足嗎？
無數(shù)的研究表明家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件對孩子的未來有著直接的影響。社會真的如此不公—富人愈富，窮人愈窮嗎？孩子自身的特質(zhì)是否可以扭轉(zhuǎn)這種影響？美國的學(xué)者們 通過分析40多年前的數(shù)據(jù)，得出了肯定的答案。 美國的Project Talent于1960年收集了全國5%高中生的數(shù)據(jù)，又在11年后再次收集數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)雖老，但美國社會這些年來還算相對穩(wěn)定。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，除父母的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀 況外，性格、智商都可以預(yù)測這些高中生11年后的成就（受教育程度、職業(yè)聲望、年收入）。不過，五大性格特征（親和、盡責(zé)、外向、情緒穩(wěn)定、開放）并不能 彌補(bǔ)家庭條件帶來的差距，智商卻可以。在經(jīng)濟(jì)條件越差的家庭，孩子的智商與未來收入的關(guān)系也越強(qiáng)。但智商對受教育程度和職業(yè)聲望的影響，則在富有的家庭更 為明顯。 這項研究似乎證明“美國夢”并未徹底破碎——性格和智商可以緩沖甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)家庭影響。但也別忘了，孩子的智商和父母經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況相關(guān)度很高（本文為0.44），這意味著寒門出貴子的幾率可能并不高。 論文原文 Can Personality Traits and Intelligence Compensate for Background Disadvantage? Predicting Status Attainment in Adulthood. Damian, Rodica Ioana; Su, Rong; Shanahan, Michael; Trautwein, Ulrich; Roberts, Brent W. Abstract This study investigated the interplay of family background and individual differences, such as personality traits and intelligence (measured in a large U.S. representative sample of high school students; N = 81,000) in predicting educational attainment, annual income, and occupational prestige 11 years later. Specifically, we tested whether individual differences followed 1 of 3 patterns in relation to parental socioeconomic status (SES) when predicting attained status: (a) the independent effects hypothesis (i.e., individual differences predict attainments independent of parental SES level), (b) the resource substitution hypothesis (i.e., individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at lower levels of parental SES), and (c) the Matthew effect hypothesis (i.e., “the rich get richer”; individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at higher levels of parental SES). We found that personality traits and intelligence in adolescence predicted later attained status above and beyond parental SES. A standard deviation increase in individual differences translated to up to 8 additional months of education, $4,233 annually, and more prestigious occupations. Furthermore, although we did find some evidence for both the resource substitution and the Matthew effect hypotheses, the most robust pattern across all models supported the independent effects hypothesis. Intelligence was the exception, the interaction models being more robust. Finally, we found that although personality traits may help compensate for background disadvantage to a small extent, they do not usually lead to a “full catch-up” effect, unlike intelligence. This was the first longitudinal study of status attainment to test interactive models of individual differences and background factors. JPSP: 自控力強(qiáng)的人在人際關(guān)系中更易受傷
我們總是羨慕自控力強(qiáng)的人，但我們也更容易依賴他們，給他們造成不必要的負(fù)擔(dān)。杜克大學(xué)的博士生Christy Zhou和她的合作者們就發(fā)現(xiàn)，自控力強(qiáng)的人在人際關(guān)系中容易受傷。我們對自控力高的人總抱有更高的期許（實驗1&2），并進(jìn)而給他們分配更多的 工作（實驗3）。諷刺的是，人們通常認(rèn)為自控力弱的人比自控力強(qiáng)的人更努力（實驗4）。不論是在工作還是感情中，自控力強(qiáng)的人也通常擔(dān)著更重的責(zé)任，因此 對于人際關(guān)系更為不滿（實驗5&6） 論文原文 The burden of responsibility: Interpersonal costs of high self-control. Koval, Christy Zhou; vanDellen, Michelle R.; Fitzsimons, Gráinne M.; Ranby, Krista W. Abstract The psychological literature on self-control has illustrated the many benefits experienced by people with high self-control, who are more successful both personally and interpersonally. In the current research, we explore the possibility that having high self-control also may have some interpersonal costs, leading individuals to become burdened by others’ reliance. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined the effects of actors’ self-control on observers’ performance expectations and found that observers had higher performance expectations for actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 3, we tested the effect of actors’ self-control on work assigned to actors and found that observers assigned greater workloads to actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 4, we examined how actors and observers differed in their assessments of the effort expended by high and low self-control actors and found that observers (but not actors) reported that high self-control actors expended less effort than low self-control actors. Finally, we found that people high (vs. low) in self-control reported greater burden from the reliance of coworkers (Study 5) and romantic partners (Study 6), and this tendency led them to feel less satisfied with their relationships (Study 6). Together, results from these studies provide novel evidence that individuals’ self-control affects others’ attitudes and behaviors toward them, and suggest that these interpersonal dynamics can have negative consequences for high self-control individuals. JPSP:出國交換對自尊心的影響
從青少年(adolescence)進(jìn)入成年(adulthood)的過程中，我們的心理和個性會隨環(huán)境的改變發(fā)生一系列變化。出國交換的經(jīng)歷 會導(dǎo)致哪些特別的變化呢？德國的學(xué)者們對高中生進(jìn)行了研究，一部分學(xué)生留在原來的高中，另一部分出國交換一年。他們分別在交換開始前、結(jié)束后、交換結(jié)束一 年后收集數(shù)據(jù)，并在交換中的每個月記錄當(dāng)下的自尊心強(qiáng)弱。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，有交換經(jīng)驗的學(xué)生自尊心(self-esteem)提高幅度更大，特別是對于出發(fā)前自 尊心較弱的學(xué)生。自尊的提升和社會融入感相輔相成?？朔粨Q生活的困難和語言能力的提高可以同時提高融入感和自尊心。 該研究中的學(xué)生都來自德國，交換去處也多為西方發(fā)達(dá)國家，文化上的沖擊可能遠(yuǎn)沒有東西方之間來得大。若樣本是中國學(xué)生，交換經(jīng)驗導(dǎo)致的心理變化可能會略有不同。
Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. By Hutteman, Roos; Nestler, Steffen; Wagner, Jenny; Egloff, Boris; Back, Mitja D. Abstract Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well as interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the macro- and microprocesses of self-esteem development. We investigated a sample of 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) participating in an international exchange year. Exchange students provided 3 waves of trait self-esteem data (shortly before they departed, immediately after return, and 1 year later), as well as 9 monthly state measures of self-esteem and social inclusion during their stay abroad. In addition, a control group of high school students who stayed in Germany (N = 714) provided 2 waves of trait self-esteem data. From a macroperspective, results showed an effect of student exchange on trait self-esteem development: Exchange students showed a steeper mean-level increase and a lower rank-order stability compared with control students. Zooming in on the microprocesses underlying these developmental patterns, we found trait changes in exchange students to be mediated by state changes in self-esteem during their exchange. These fluctuations in state self-esteem were found to be predicted by feelings of social inclusion in the host country, and vice versa, providing support for both sociometer and self-broadcasting perspectives on self-esteem dynamics. In sum, our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating a microanalytical approach when investigating self-esteem development by showing that the environment triggers changes in this relatively stable personality trait through changes in states. JPSP: 講話比寫字更容易被聘用
同樣的內(nèi)容，寫出來還是說出來會給別人留下不同的印象嗎？芝加哥大學(xué)的Julianna Schroeder和Nicholas Epley發(fā)現(xiàn)，與寫字相比，講話會讓別人覺得自己更聰明，并更容易被聘用。他們讓芝大商學(xué)院的學(xué)生寫求職信，然后在鏡頭前念出來，并讓其他學(xué)生，以及 39位世界500強(qiáng)公司的招聘者評價這些求職信(transcript)，或是求職錄音(audio)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，與寫信相比，以聲音為媒介會讓求職者看 起來更聰明，給評價者留下更好地印象，并更容易被雇傭。更重要的是，錄音和視頻并無差別，說明在這個特定情境下，聲音包含的信息可能遠(yuǎn)比肢體語言豐富。 作者們認(rèn)為，聲音之所以會發(fā)揮作用，很可能是因為音調(diào)的變化。正如說話聲調(diào)太平會被認(rèn)為像是僵硬的機(jī)器人，豐富的聲調(diào)會賦予講話者生命，讓人覺得ta思維活躍。下次小編介紹文章，是不是用語音效果更好呢？ 論文原文 The Sound of Intellect: Speech Reveals a Thoughtful Mind, Increasing a Job Candidate’s Appeal Juliana Schroeder , Nicholas Epley Abstract A person’s mental capacities, such as intellect, cannot be observed directly and so are instead inferred from indirect cues. We predicted that a person’s intellect would be conveyed most strongly through a cue closely tied to actual thinking: his or her voice. Hypothetical employers (Experiments 1-3b) and professional recruiters (Experiment 4) watched, listened, or read job candidates’ pitches about why they should be hired. Evaluators rated the candidates as more competent, thoughtful, and intelligent when they heard the pitch than when they read it and, as a result, liked the candidate more and were more interested in hiring the candidate. Adding voice to written pitches, by having trained actors (Experiment 3a) or untrained adults (Experiment 3b) read them, replicated these results. Adding visual cues through video did not influence evaluations beyond the candidate's voice. When conveying one’s intellect, it is important for one's voice, quite literally, to be heard. |
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