樸門設計——核心倫理 簡介

Introduction to Permaculture

        Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments. The word itself is a contraction not only of permanent agriculture but also of permanentculture, as cultures cannot survive for long without a sustainable agricultural base and landuse ethic. On one level, permaculture deals with plants, animals,buildings, and infrastructures (water, energy, communications). However,permaculture is not about these elements themselves, but rather about therelationships we can create between them by the way we place them in the landscape.

         樸門是一個設計系統(tǒng)，用于建立可持續(xù)的人類環(huán)境。這個詞本身是一個英文復合縮寫詞，不僅是指永久的農(nóng)業(yè)也是永久的文化。如果文化不能長期承傳，也將不會有可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)基礎和土地利用之道。在同一個水平上，樸門永續(xù)涉及植物、動物、建筑物和基礎設施（水，能源，通訊）。然而，樸門卻并不是這些元素本身，而是有關于我們與之創(chuàng)建的各種聯(lián)系，以及如何將其運用在景觀、生活等方面。

        The aim is tocreate systems that are ecologically-sound and economically viable, which provide for their own needs, do not exploit or pollute, and are therefore sustainable in the long term. Permaculture uses the inherent qualities of plants and animals combined with the natural characteristics of landscapes and structures to produce a life-supporting system for city and country, using the smallest practical area.

        其目的是建立各種系統(tǒng)，可以自行提供所需，是生態(tài)無害，經(jīng)濟上可行的，并不濫用或污染環(huán)境，因此是可持續(xù)的長遠發(fā)展。樸門永續(xù)利用植物和動物結(jié)合景觀和結(jié)構(gòu)，以產(chǎn)生一個生命支持系統(tǒng)，在城市和國家中，人類規(guī)劃性的使用最小的實際面積，但卻在提升自身品質(zhì)與維持自然和諧統(tǒng)一之間，取得最好的平衡點。

        Permaculture is bases on the observation of natural systems, the wisdom contained intraditional farming systems, and modern scientific and technological knowledge.Although based on good ecological models, permaculture creates a cultivated ecology, which is designed to produce more human and animal food than is generally found in nature.

        樸門永續(xù)是在觀察自然系統(tǒng)，又涵蓋了傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)耕智慧和現(xiàn)代科技知識。雖然基于良好的生態(tài)模型，樸門永續(xù)設計也創(chuàng)建新的生態(tài)種植系統(tǒng)，其目的是產(chǎn)生供應更多人類和動物所需的食物，這將多于原初的自然界所能供應的。

        Fukuoka, in his book The One Straw Revolution, has perhaps best stated the basic philosophyof permaculture. In brief, it is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protractedand thoughtless labour; and of looking at plants and animals in all theirfunctions, rather than treating elements as a single-product system. I have spoken, on a more mundane level, of using aikido on the landscape, of rolling with the blows turning adversity into strength, and using everything positively. The other approach is to karate the landscape, to try to make it yield by using our strength, and striking many hard blows. But if we attack nature we attack (and ultimately destroy) ourselves.

        福岡正信先生所著的《一個稻草的革命》一書，也許已是最好能說明永續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的基本理念。簡而言之，指導工作的態(tài)度，是建立在與自然和諧統(tǒng)一的哲學思想基礎下，而不是單一對抗性、競爭性的工作方式；也不是長期輕率而缺乏思考的勞動力付出，而是通過周到和持久的觀察，更關注所有植物和動物之間共同運作的功能系統(tǒng)，而不是將他們視為一個個單一的元素，作為一個個獨立的產(chǎn)品體系。我已經(jīng)說過，在一個更現(xiàn)實的水平，如合氣道般的整體觀，將迎面而來的威脅轉(zhuǎn)換為力量，從積極和正面的方向化解沖突。另一種方法如空手道般，要盡量迎難而上，發(fā)揮自身實力，甚至在許多驚人的硬打擊面前，修煉抗擊打的能力。但是如果我們?nèi)ス糇匀唬覀円矊⒎垂サ剑ú⒆罱K毀滅）自己。

        I think harmony with nature is possible only if we abandon the idea of superiority over the natural world. Levi Strauss said that our profound error is that we have always looked upon ourselves as “masters of creation”, in the sense of being above it. We are not superior to other life-forms; all living things are an expression of Life. If we could see that truth, we would see that everything we do to other life- forms we also do to ourselves. A culture which understands this does not, without absolute necessity, destroy any living thing.

        我覺得可能只有當我們放棄了優(yōu)越于自然世界的想法時，才能與自然和諧相處。利維斯特勞斯說，我們深刻的錯誤是我們一直高估自己作為“創(chuàng)作大師”，并沉浸于居高臨下的感覺。其實我們并不優(yōu)于其他生命形式，所有生物都是生命的一種表達。如果我們能看到真相，我們會看到我們?nèi)绾螌Υ渌?，我們也會如何對待我們自己。而即便不理解這樣的內(nèi)涵，也是絕無必要去摧毀任何有生命的東西。

        Permacultureis a system by which we can exist on the earth by using energy that is naturally in flux and relatively harmless, and by using food and natural resources that are abundant in such a way that we don’t continually destroy life on earth. Every technique for conserving and restoring the earth is already known; what is not evident is that any nation or large group of people is prepared to make the change. However, millions of ordinary people are starting to do it themselves without help from political authorities.

         樸門永續(xù)設計是使我們能夠存在在地球上使用著自然中不斷變化和相對無害的能量，并通過樸門（保護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方式）去使用食物和利用豐富的自然資源，而不會繼續(xù)破壞地球上的生命系統(tǒng)。如今為了保護和恢復地球的每一種技術都是已知的，但仍不可見：是否有國家或社群愿意做出改變。然而，數(shù)以百萬計的普通人們，即便沒有政治支援，也已經(jīng)開始自己做了。

        Wherever we live, we should start to do something. We can start first by decreasing ourenergy consumption—you can actually live on 40% of the energy you are now using without sacrificing anything of value. We can re-fit our houses for energy efficiency. We can cut our vehicle use by using public transportation and sharing with friends. We can save water off our roofs into tanks, or recycle greywater to the toilet system or garden. We can also begin to take some partin food production. This doesn’t mean that we all need to grow our ownpotatoes, but it may mean that we will buy them directly from a person who isalready growing potatoes responsibly. In fact, one would probably do better toorganise a farmer-purchasing group in the neighbourhood than to grow potatoes.

        無論我們生活在哪里，我們應該開始做一些事情。我們可以通過降低能源消耗，實際上你可以住在現(xiàn)在使用的能源的40%，但無需犧牲任何有價值的東西。我們可以重新適應我們的房子的能源效率。我們可以通過使用公共交通，并與朋友分享，削減我們的車輛使用。我們可以節(jié)約用水，在屋頂做雨水收集，或?qū)⒅兴厥绽迷趲臎_水系統(tǒng)里或是花園里。我們也可以開始參與一些糧食的生產(chǎn)。這并不意味著我們都需要種植自己的土豆，但它可能意味著我們可以直接從一個已經(jīng)負責種植馬鈴薯的人那里購買。事實上，人們可能會做的更好，以組織附近的農(nóng)民、采購團，而不僅僅只是種植土豆。

        In all permanent agricultures, or in sustainable human culture generally, the energy needs of the system are provided by that system. Modern crop agriculture is totally dependent on external energies. The shift from productive permanent systems (where the land is held in common), to annual, commercial agricultures where land is regarded as a commodity involves a shift from a low to ahigh-energy society, the use of land in an exploitative and destructive way,and a demand for external energy sources, mainly provided by the third world as fuels, fertilisers, protein, labour, and skills.

        總體而言，在所有的永續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)，或是可持續(xù)的人類文明中，能源的需求是由該系統(tǒng)自己提供的。而現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)作物，卻完全依賴于外部能源。從生產(chǎn)力的永久系統(tǒng)中（如土地共同持有），每年，在商業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)里的土地，被視為商品，在社會發(fā)展中，將低能耗型生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向為高能耗型，以剝削性和破壞性使用土地的方式，不斷利用和消耗外部資源。主要用作燃料，肥料，蛋白質(zhì)，勞動力和技能的資源需要，都是由第三世界提供的。

        Conventional farming does not recognise and pay its true costs: the land is mined of its fertility to produce annual grain and vegetable crops; non-renewable resources are used to support yields; the land is eroded through over- stocking of animals and extensive ploughing; land and water are polluted with chemicals.

        傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)并未意識到，它們正支付著真實的成本：土地被過度開發(fā)其培育能力，產(chǎn)生出全年糧食和蔬菜作物，使用著不可再生的資源去支持產(chǎn)量；土地被過度放養(yǎng)動物和大量翻土耕種；土地和水也被施加的化學農(nóng)劑污染。

        When the needs of a system are not met from within the system, we pay the price in energy consumption and pollution. We can no longer afford the true cost of our agriculture. It is killing our world, and it will kill us.

       如果不從系統(tǒng)中滿足系統(tǒng)的需求，我們付出的能源消耗和環(huán)境污染的代價，我們將再也承擔不起我們農(nóng)業(yè)的真正成本。它殺害著我們的世界，也會殺了我們。

       Sitting at our back doorsteps, all we need to live a good life lies about us. Sun, wind,people, buildings, stones, sea, birds and plants surround us. Cooperation with all these things brings harmony, opposition to them brings disaster and chaos.

坐在我們自家后門口，所有我們需要的好生活，都是有賴于我們自己的。太陽，風，人物，建筑物，石頭，海，鳥類和植物包圍我們。所有這些事物間的合作將帶來和諧共生，而反對他們則會帶來災難和混亂。

ELEMENTS OFA TOTAL PERMACULTURE DESIGN 樸門永續(xù)設計的總要素（見圖解）

SITECOMPONENTS 在地因素

Water 水

Earth 土

Landscape 地理

Climate 氣候

Plants 植物

SOCIALCOMPONENTS  社會組成因素

Legal Aids法律援助

People 人

Culture 文化

Trade and Finance 貿(mào)易和金融

THE DESIGN 樸門設計

 “A beneficialassembly of components in their proper relationships” 因地制宜

ENERGY COMPONENTS 能源成分

Technologies 技術

Structures 結(jié)構(gòu)

Sources 資源

Connections 聯(lián)系

ABSTRACTCOMPONENTS 抽象因素

Timing 時序

Data 數(shù)據(jù)

Ethics 倫理

PERMACULTURE ETHICS 樸門的倫理

Ethics are moral beliefs and actions in relation to survivalon our planet. In permaculture, we embrace a threefold ethic: care of the earth, care of people, and dispersal of surplus time, money, and materials towards these ends.

倫理往往是相對于生存在這個星球上的人類的道德信念和行動而言的。在樸門永續(xù)設計中，我們擁抱了三重的倫理原則：照顧地球，照顧人民，分享剩余（運用日常剩余的時間、金錢和物資來達成上述兩項目的）。

Care of the earth means care of all living and nonliving things: soils,species and their varieties, atmosphere, forests, micro-habitats, animals, andwaters. It implies harmless and rehabilitative activities, active conservation,ethical and frugal use of resources, and “right livelihood” (working for useful and beneficial systems).

照顧地球——是指照顧所有生物和非生物，如：土壤，物種和它們的品種，大氣，森林，微生物棲息地，動物和水。這意味著無害和恢復生態(tài)的活動，積極保護，有道德的和節(jié)約意識的利用資源，并“正確的生活”（做對系統(tǒng)有用和有益的工作）。

Care of the earth also implies care of people so that our basic needs for food, shelter,education, satisfying employment, and convivial human contact are taken care of. Care of people is important, for even though people make up a small part ofthe total living systems of the world, we make a decisive impact on it. If we can provide for our basic needs, we need not indulge in broadscale destructive practices against the earth.

照顧人民——照顧地球也意味著照顧人民，使我們的食品，住房，教育，就業(yè)，都能得到滿足，并使人們歡樂和諧的相處，基本需求得到照顧。照顧人民的是很重要的，盡管人們只是作為世界總生命系統(tǒng)的一小部分，但我們作出了決定性的影響。如果我們能夠提供自己的基本需求，我們不必沉迷于對地球占領和破壞性做法中。

The third component of the basic “care of the earth” ethicis the contribution of surplus time,money, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care. This means that after we have taken care of our basic needs and designed our systems to the best of our ability, we can extend our influence and energies to helping others achieve that aim.

分享剩余——基于照顧地球的原則，第三個組成部分是分享剩余的時間，金錢和精力來實現(xiàn)照顧地球和照顧人民的目標。這意味著，當我們已經(jīng)照顧好自身的基本需要，并盡我們自己所能，設計好我們的系統(tǒng)之后，我們可以進一步的擴大影響和投入精力去幫助他人實現(xiàn)這一目標。

The permaculture system also has a basic life ethic, which recognises the intrinsic worth of every living thing. A tree is something of value in itself, even if it has no commercial value for us. That it is alive and functioning is what is important. It is doing its part in nature: recycling biomass, providing oxygen and carbon dioxide for the region, sheltering small animals. building soils, and so on.

在樸門永續(xù)設計中，還具有基本的生命倫理，承認每一個生命的內(nèi)在價值。樹本是具備其自身價值的，即使它并沒有有我們所認為的商業(yè)價值。它是活的，它自身的運作也是尤為重要的。它正在盡自己所能：回收生物質(zhì)能，為區(qū)域提供氧氣和二氧化碳，掩護小動物，建設土壤等等。

So we see that the permaculture ethic pervades all aspectsof environmental, community, and economic systems. Cooperation, notcompetition, is the key.

所以我們可以看到，樸門永續(xù)的倫理原則，滲透于環(huán)境、社區(qū)和經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)的各個方面。合作，而不是競爭，是關鍵。

Ways we can implement the earthcare ethics in our own lives are as follows:

以下有一些我們可以在自己的生活中實現(xiàn)“照顧地球”的指導原則和方法：

Think about the long-term consequences of your actions. Planfor sustainability.

思考你行為的長期結(jié)果，制定可持續(xù)的計劃。

Where possible use species native to the area, or those naturalised species known to be beneficial. The thoughtless introduction of potentially-invasive species may upset natural balances in your home area.

如果可能的話，請利用原產(chǎn)于該地區(qū)的物種，或稱為是有益的那些自然品種。若輕率地引入潛在入侵物種，可能會破壞你所居住地區(qū)的自然平衡。

Cultivate the smallest possible land area. Plan forsmall-scale, energy-efficient intensive systems rather than large-scale,energy-consuming extensive systems.

培育盡可能小的土地面積。規(guī)劃規(guī)模小，高效節(jié)能密集型的系統(tǒng)，而不是大規(guī)模的，耗能廣泛的系統(tǒng)。

Be diverse, polycultural (as opposed to monocultural). This provides stability and helps us to be ready for change, whether environmental or social.

多樣化和混合式培養(yǎng)（相對于單一培育）。這樣提供了系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性，并幫助我們準備和隨時應變，無論是環(huán)境或是社會方面的改變。

Increase the sum of yields: look at the total yield of the system provided by annuals, perennials, crops, trees, and animals. Also regard energy saved as a yield.

增加總產(chǎn)量：查看由一年生植物、多年生植物、農(nóng)作物、樹木和動物提供給系統(tǒng)的總收率。并能將產(chǎn)能資源保存在系統(tǒng)中。

Use low-energy environmental (solar, wind, and water) andbiological (plant and animal) systems to conserve and generate energy.

使用低能耗的環(huán)境資源（如太陽能，風能和水）和生物（植物和動物）系統(tǒng)，以節(jié)約和產(chǎn)生能量。

Bring food-growing back into the cities and towns, where it has always traditionally been in sustainable societies.

把食物種回到城鎮(zhèn)，在那里一直是傳統(tǒng)意義上可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會。

Assist people to become self-reliant, and promote communityresponsibility.

幫助人們自力更生，促進社群責任化。

Reafforest the earth and restore fertility to the soil.

恢復地球的森林系統(tǒng)，土地恢復再生和肥沃的孕育能力。

Use everything at its optimum level and recycle all wastes.

物盡其用，并回收所有廢物。

See solutions, not problems.

看解決方案，而不是問題。

Work where it counts (plant a tree where it will survive;assist people who want to learn).

工作在刀刃上（種下的樹就讓它能在那里生存下來;幫助想要學習的人）。

摘自《Introduction to Permaculture》的總序