一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法，即持續(xù)性用法(或叫未完成用法)和影響性用法(或叫已完成用法)。持續(xù)性用法表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，但在過(guò)去并未完成，而是從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時(shí)多半會(huì)連用表示持續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；后者指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，且在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成，但這個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，而說(shuō)話(huà)者正好要強(qiáng)調(diào)的就是這個(gè)影響，此時(shí)一般沒(méi)有明顯的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，主要通過(guò)上下文來(lái)理解。如：

1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (廣東卷)

A. showed                   B. has shown              C. will show                D. is showing

【分析】答案選 B。由表示對(duì)照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證明了”，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)

A. were deciding           B. have decided            C. decided                   D. will decide

【分析】答案選B。因賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可能是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)A和C；由語(yǔ)境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除D，而選B (from www.)。

另外，同學(xué)們還要特別注意以下這些習(xí)慣上要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的短語(yǔ)和句型：so far(到目前為止)，since(自從)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在過(guò)去…年中)，by now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，up to [until] now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：

3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far. (浙江卷)

A. A. appears                B. appeared              C. has appeared          D. is appearing

【分析】答案選 C。so far(到目前為止)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山東卷)

A. change                      B. has changed        C. changing                D. have changed

【分析】答案選 B。since 1992這類(lèi)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。主句主語(yǔ)是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句。

二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)

過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一種相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，即以某一過(guò)去時(shí)間作參照，過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在這一過(guò)去時(shí)間的更過(guò)去，所以我們可以簡(jiǎn)單地用“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這五個(gè)字來(lái)理解過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：

1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. (北京卷)

A. has learned               B. would have learned   C. learned               D. had learned

【分析】答案選 D。因?yàn)樯洗髮W(xué)是過(guò)去，學(xué)了五千個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞是在上大學(xué)之前，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain. (湖北卷)

A. started; had already hidden                        B. had started; had already hidden

C. had started; was hiding                             D. was starting; hid

【分析】答案選 A。根據(jù)句意，“開(kāi)始回房子”發(fā)生在過(guò)去，“太陽(yáng)落山”是在“開(kāi)始回房子”之前，故過(guò)去的過(guò)去。

3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. (福建卷)

A. has left                    B. left                     C. was leaving            D. had left