高考英語閱讀理解題題型解讀與應(yīng)試技巧

都說“得閱讀者得天下”一語，這并非無稽之談。高考英語試卷閱讀理解占40分，居各題型之首?？梢哉f閱讀理解能力的高低；是能否取得高考英語好成績的關(guān)鍵之所在。同時還有完形填空、閱讀表達、閱讀填空等題型，其實質(zhì)都在考查學(xué)生們的閱讀理解能力。縱觀近幾年各省市高考英語卷中閱讀理解，考生出現(xiàn)的錯誤大多集中在文章能輕松讀懂而題目偏難的陷阱題中。所以要想提高閱讀理解得分，不僅需要提高自身英語基礎(chǔ)，還要掌握高考試題出題思路、出題規(guī)律以及各類型題的解題技巧。

1． 事實細節(jié)題：

一般針對某個特定的細節(jié)而提出，難度較小，屬淺層理解?？忌ㄟ^通讀全文后可直接找出答題依據(jù)。細節(jié)理解題有三種題型：純細節(jié)題、計算題、細節(jié)推斷題。三類題中細節(jié)推斷題一般難度較大，考生要細細推敲。從最近幾年的高考題看來細節(jié)理解題占了考題的一半左右。

設(shè)題方式：

①單詞替換
②顛倒因果
③擴大范圍
④常識判斷

解題秘訣：回扣原文

①根據(jù)題干所及的時間、地點、人物等回扣原文。特別注意： 五個w (who, which, when, where, what), 一個h (how)以及其它特殊之處
②根據(jù)設(shè)題順序回扣原文所在語句，比較有效信息。如數(shù)字、日期、時間等。
③根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或其同義詞回扣原文（如名詞、動詞、形容詞）
④回扣原文中的難句定位，一般來說，難句都是出題點。這時應(yīng)注意文中的同位語，破折號，括號，省略號等
實例解析：

1．2003年高考英語閱讀理解題第56題：

It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _________.

A. was named after its discoverer

B. got its name from Holland settlers

C. was named by the British government

D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

答案為A。

原文第一段原句為“Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.”表明該島嶼的命名者為其發(fā)現(xiàn)者。

2．NMET2004全國卷二65題

65.  How many sun-powered cars took part in the race? 

A.1   B.4   C. 23    D.44  

答案為B。

原文細節(jié)材料為Due in part to old, inefficient batteries, Helios finished fourth—out of four—in its kind, the sun—powered class. “We were there for the fun of it.” Anna says. “We’re proud of Helios,” says Ariel Gleicher, 14. “It’s a car that’s good for the environment.” 應(yīng)注意細節(jié)out of four。

2． 詞意猜測題：

此類題目要求考生正確理解短文中一些關(guān)鍵詞、短語或句子的含義。
設(shè)題方式：

①一般是利用多種表達法、詞的多個意性、同近義詞語替換、習(xí)語釋義、句型或語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等方式來考查。

②常見的設(shè)問形式：

①The underlined word in the…paragraph refers to / means ________.

② What does “ ________” in paragraph… stand for / mean?

③“_______” could best be replaced by which of the following?

④ The expression / phrase “_______” means ________.

⑤ The word “_______” is closest in meaning to ________.。

解題秘訣：上下文推理

①代入替換法。把四個選項分別代入題干，據(jù)語言邏輯判斷哪個更加符合上下文的邏輯意思。
②在上下文中尋找同詞性的詞或詞組。做這類題的關(guān)鍵是：該單詞本身并不重要，重要的是該單詞的上下文
③利用語法和邏輯。有時根據(jù)上下文提代的線索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用語法和邏輯方面的規(guī)則來判斷，符合語法和邏輯規(guī)則的可能為正確答案，反之則不是正確答案。

實例解析：

1．2007年全國卷I 69題

The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean ________.
A. attracted to teaching
B. tired of teaching
C. satisfied with teaching
D. unhappy about teaching

答案為A

原文材料為Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.使用代入替換法，易得A項。
2。2007浙江卷59題

What does the underlined phrase “this battle”(last paragraph) refer to?

A. The war between the boy’s parents.

B. The arguing between the boy and his mother.

C. The quarrel between the boy and his customers.

D. The fight between the boy and his father.

答案為B

原文材料為My mother and I had fought this battle almost as long as I could remember. My mother, dissatisfied with my father’s plain workman’s life, determined that I would not grow up like him and his people.從該句可看出母子之間的口角站持續(xù)了多年。

3．2007山東卷第65題

The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means __________.
A. discouraging   B. interesting  C. creative  D. unbearable
答案為A

考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第一段的“ Creating a music program with almost no money for equipment supplies in a climate where standardbased learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers”這句話，再參照上下文的語言環(huán)境可以知道該詞表示“不利的”。

3．觀點態(tài)度題

該題型主要考察學(xué)生對文中的有關(guān)語句、要點、細節(jié)、觀點等的理解能力。這種題要求在宏觀把握文章的基礎(chǔ)上，作出合理判斷。這種題要求在宏觀把握文章的基礎(chǔ)上，選出作者對文章所談問題的態(tài)度，而不是我們對某一問題的經(jīng)驗。這類題要求考生從文章的論述方法、語氣和遣詞造句中把握作者對人與事的好惡，了解作者的態(tài)度和情感；這類題目需要多注意文章開頭、結(jié)尾等傳達作者感情傾向的地方。

設(shè)題方式：

一般作者的態(tài)度分為三大類：
①支持、贊同、樂觀
②客觀、中立
③反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀
除此之外，沒有其他的作者態(tài)度

解題秘訣：

①理解文章、合理推斷，切不可經(jīng)驗主義。
②找文中帶有感情色彩的名次、動詞、形容詞、副詞
③根據(jù)作者舉的例子判斷
實例解析：

1．07寧夏卷第67題

The author seems to believe that ___________.
      A. having brothers and sisters is fun    

B. it’s tiring to look after three children
      C. every child needs parents’ full attention  

D. parents should watch others’ children
答案為C

文章介紹了作者和鄰居輪流照料小孩，從而采用一種親子游戲—“Mommy and Me”，在和孩子單獨游戲的時候，孩子們發(fā)展的空間更大，受益更多。文章最后一段“…I also discovered something different in each of my children during our alone times…”表明了作者的觀點。
2。07廣東卷第67題

The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to__      _.
A. lying   B. stealing   C. cheating   D. advertising
答案為C

作者在第五段落中“In the first case, where we don't tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief.”鮮明地表明了自己的態(tài)度。

4． 推理判斷題：

這一類題主要針對短文的結(jié)論、隱含意義（寓意）、作者的傾向、文章的論調(diào)、寫作思路及目的等方面，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定判斷和推論，包括對事情的前因后果、人物的目的動機和性格特征、作者的傾向態(tài)度、語言中的語態(tài)和語氣等進行推斷，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。但考生應(yīng)該明白，推斷也應(yīng)依據(jù)原文材料，并非憑空推斷。

該題型有時還可能會假設(shè)一種情況要求考生對原文中沒有提到的情況進行推理想象，對題目中提出的各種可能性進行推敲，從而選出符合原文信息或作者愿意的最佳答案。
設(shè)題方式：

多角度設(shè)置干擾項
①只是原文的簡單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來的結(jié)論,把直接表達當(dāng)作間接推理
②看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論,然而實際上與原文不符,如因果倒置,手段變目的等
③根據(jù)考生已有的常識是正確的,但是卻不是基于文章,一切以文章為準
④推理過頭,引申過渡

⑤常見的設(shè)問形式：
① We can infer / conclude from the passage that _______.
② It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage ) that ________.
③ The passage / story / author / paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.
④ The author’s / writer’s attitude（態(tài)度）towards …is _______.
⑤ What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?⑴ 標志：關(guān)鍵詞：infer imply
解題秘訣：依據(jù)原文認真比較選項
①絕大多數(shù)推理題是原文意思的同義表達，正確答案與原文之間沒有任何推理關(guān)系
②做題時可以尋找四個選項中三錯一對的關(guān)系
⑶ 如果四個選項中有兩個或兩個以上的選項都是成立的推理步驟，那么與原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的選項即是正確答案

實例解析：

1．07山東卷第58題

It can be inferred from the text that __________。
A. the author’s family was in financial difficulty
B. rents were comparatively reasonable despite the disaster
C. houses were difficult to find in the hurricane stricken area
D. the mortgage on the ruined house was paid off by the bank
答案為A

原文材料第一段第二句They lay my house,reduced to waist-high ruins, smellyand dirty可推測房子被暴雨沖毀。再有第三段第一句we decided to move and tried to find a rental house that we could afford while also paying off a mortgage on our ruined house可做出推理判斷，作者因為需要支付銀行貸款，在找便宜的房子，所以可以推斷作者經(jīng)濟拮據(jù)。
2。07湖北卷第64題

It can be concluded from the passage that                .
A. promising drugs will soon stop AIDS   
B. the spread of AIDS could be controlled
C. it is hopeless to win the battle against AIDS
D. the death rate of AIDS patients has been reduced
答案為B

文章最后一段的“there are fresh reasons for optimism in the battle against AIDS. During the past few years, there has been a drop in new AIDS cases…”說明“艾滋病其實是可以控制的”。

5．主旨大意題

主旨題是閱讀理解中最常見的題型之一，測試閱讀理解的基本能力；要求考生在理解全文后歸納文章要點，概括中心思想，掌握所讀材料的大意。這種題型考查學(xué)生在語言水平上對文章的把握，是否具備分辨主題和細節(jié)、提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力是解題的關(guān)鍵。
設(shè)題方式：

常見的設(shè)問形式：

（1) What is the main subject / the best title of the passage?

（2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

（3) The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is ________.

（4) From the passage we know that _______.

（5) The main idea of this passage is ________.

（6) The passage is mainly about _______.

（7) Choose the best title for the passage.

（8）What’s the purpose/attitude of …?

解體秘訣：抓主題句

1、主題句是用來表達文章或段落的中心思想的，通常在文章第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等處出現(xiàn)，閱讀時要特別注意。

2、進行整體閱讀，抓文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。文章主題出現(xiàn)的位置對應(yīng)于文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個部分，而在高考閱讀中以“總－分－總”結(jié)構(gòu)類型題居多。所以重讀文章首、尾兩段以及每段首句，對把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨理解有很大幫助。

實例解析：

1．2007廣東卷第50題

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?________
A. How to Live Truthfully     B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect  D. Happiness through Honorable Actions 
答案為D

結(jié)合原文閱讀材料可知本文通過舉例來說明一個道理, 即文章的第二段中“how honorable actions create happiness””””和第四段是文章的兩個主題。
2。2007江蘇卷第63題

Which would be the best title for this passage?________
A. We’re Alone on the Internet
B. We’re Communicating on the Internet
C. We’re Alone Together on the Internet
D. We’re in the Imaginary World of the Internet.         
答案為C

原文中的術(shù)語“networked individualism”是兩個意義矛盾的詞語的組合,網(wǎng)絡(luò)既可以讓人有自己的空間,又可以讓他們互相交流, 是因特網(wǎng)的兩個特點，所以C選項中的alone 和together正好與此吻合。