題目：Socio-environmental conflicts and land governance: a study of Chinese infrastructure investments in Argentina

作者：Sol Mora，圣馬丁國立大學政治與政府學院阿根廷國家科學技術(shù)研究委員會 (CONICET) 的博士后研究員。

摘要：本文通過分析土地治理——特別是通過中國基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資在阿根廷試圖實施的土地獲取，在新葛蘭西主義方法和拉丁美洲政治生態(tài)學之間建立了對話。在這兩種觀點之間架起橋梁，將羅伯特·考克斯的框架應(yīng)用于土地治理固有的社會和環(huán)境沖突的研究。對阿根廷的兩個土地獲取計劃的研究，其中一個被暫停，一個修改后繼續(xù)進行，表明社會抵制可以制約通過投資及其施行進行土地控制的嘗試。因此，這兩種理論觀點之間的對話不僅使考克斯的思想煥發(fā)活力，而且將環(huán)境和自然治理過程中的社會環(huán)境沖突作為IPE的新研究方向。

This article establishes a dialogue between the neo-Gramscian approach and Latin American Political Ecology by analyzing land governance – specifically attempts at land grabbing through Chinese infrastructure investments in Argentina. Building bridges between these two perspectives enables an application of Robert Cox’s framework to the study of socio-environmental conflicts inherent to land governance. The study of two land grabbing initiatives in Argentina, one that was suspended and one that continues with modifications, shows that social resistance can condition attempts at land control through investments and their execution. Consequently, the dialogue between these two theoretical perspectives not only revitalizes Cox’s thought but also highlights socio-environmental conflicts in environmental and nature governance processes as a new research direction for IPE.

題目：Political economy of the 'informal’ housing question: institutional-hybridity of the postcolonial state

作者：Danish Khan，美國富蘭克林與馬歇爾學院經(jīng)濟系助理教授兼“不平等、貧困、權(quán)力和社會正義倡議”聯(lián)合主任。

摘要：近年來，國際政治經(jīng)濟學（IPE）學者越來越關(guān)注城市問題。然而，他們主要關(guān)注的是特定的少數(shù)幾個全球“城市”在調(diào)節(jié)資本、商品和服務(wù)的全球流動中的角色。盡管如此，IPE文獻中存在一個重要的空白在于對新自由主義全球化進程如何影響和規(guī)范位于全球南方城市的低收入“非正式”住房部門的探索有限。為了彌補現(xiàn)有IPE文獻中的這一空白，本文在新自由主義積累制度的背景下，對非正規(guī)住房定居點的形成和拆除過程進行了批判性分析。非正規(guī)住房定居點已經(jīng)得到了批判性地地理學家和城市研究領(lǐng)域?qū)W者的廣泛研究。本文與眾不同之處在于對IPE文獻方面做出了獨特的貢獻，即利用非正規(guī)住房定居點的政治經(jīng)濟學作為批判性分析社會本體論和后殖民國家內(nèi)在矛盾的切入點。本文認為，通過“制度混合性”的視角可以更好地理解非正規(guī)住房定居點與后殖民國家之間的關(guān)系。這個概念指的是后殖民國家內(nèi)矛盾的社會經(jīng)濟和制度刺激的融合，旨在同時管理社會再生產(chǎn)和資本主義積累。社會再生產(chǎn)和積累之間固有的張力在非正規(guī)住房定居點中以“仁慈-暴力”的辯證法形式表現(xiàn)出來。一方面，后殖民國家試圖通過多層次的權(quán)力網(wǎng)絡(luò)“允許”邊緣化群體建立非正規(guī)住房定居點，以表現(xiàn)出“仁慈”的形象。另一方面，一旦邊緣化群體阻礙了房地產(chǎn)主導的資本主義積累，后殖民國家將采取暴力手段驅(qū)逐他們。因此，本文認為，IPE學者應(yīng)仔細考慮非正規(guī)住房定居點的政治經(jīng)濟學，因為它提供了有關(guān)后殖民國家如何受到調(diào)控并被不同的新自由主義全球化社會經(jīng)濟力量拉扯的機制的深入見解。

題目：International regime complexity in sovereign crisis finance: a comparison of regional architectures

作者：C. Randall Henning，美利堅大學國際服務(wù)學院國際經(jīng)濟關(guān)系教授。

摘要：國際制度復雜性理論框定了國際合作的預期，這種預期源自不同機構(gòu)體系中等級和差異化組合。本文比較了2000年至2019年期間，東亞、拉丁美洲和歐元區(qū)危機金融區(qū)域復雜體系中地區(qū)金融安排與國際貨幣基金組織之間的關(guān)系，并對檢驗了這些預期。作為全球和地區(qū)機構(gòu)之間的交集國家，債權(quán)國在選擇這些復雜體系的架構(gòu)（等級和差異化的組合）方面尤其具有影響力，但受到前幾十年所繼承的安排的限制。一旦選擇了復雜體系的架構(gòu)，它反過來將影響借款國的政策調(diào)整和國家在不滿意機構(gòu)時是追求制度轉(zhuǎn)移還是建立競爭性制度。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)總體上符合預期，但超出了核心理論對歐元區(qū)政策調(diào)整的預期程度。機構(gòu)間的協(xié)作動態(tài)填補了這一解釋差距。本文的結(jié)論是，機構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系對于理解制度復雜體系的結(jié)果和演變至關(guān)重要，并且比單一制度主義、權(quán)力差距假說和其他替代方法提供的解釋更完整。

The theory of international regime complexity that frames this study specifies expectations for international cooperation stemming from different combinations of hierarchy and differentiation among institutions in regime complexes. This paper compares relationships between regional financial arrangements and the International Monetary Fund in the regional complexes for crisis finance in East Asia, Latin America, and the euro area during 2000-2019 and tests these expectations. Creditor states that sit at the nexus between global and regional institutions are particularly influential in the choice of architecture (the combination of hierarchy and differentiation) for these complexes but are constrained by arrangements inherited from previous decades. Once chosen, the complex’s architecture in turn shapes policy adjustment in borrowing countries and influences whether states pursue regime shifting or competitive regime creation when dissatisfied with institutions. These findings generally coincide with expectations, but exceed the degree of policy adjustment that the core theory expected for the euro area. Interinstitutional collaboration, the dynamics of which are elaborated, fills this explanatory gap. The paper concludes that relations among institutions are essential for understanding the outcomes and evolution of regime complexes and underpin a more complete explanation than provided by singular institutionalism, the power-gap hypothesis and other alternative approaches.

題目：The instability of the nuclear nonproliferation regime complex

作者：Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni，劍橋大學政治與國際研究系國際組織和全球政治學教授

摘要：本文對核不擴散制度復合體系的制度架構(gòu)中路徑依賴性的變化進行了理論分析，并分析了不同制度復合結(jié)構(gòu)對機構(gòu)競爭和政策調(diào)整的影響。首先，我提出了一個一般性理論，闡述了國際制度復合體系（IRCs）的先有的制度結(jié)構(gòu)如何以一種使IRC易于內(nèi)生路徑依賴性變化的方式促進和限制隨后的制度發(fā)展。接下來，我闡述了在核不擴散復合體系中，制度轉(zhuǎn)移和競爭性制度建立策略如何引發(fā)了路徑依賴性的“反應(yīng)序列”，導致制度分裂日益加劇。為了說明IRC演變的內(nèi)生動力，我在三個“關(guān)鍵時刻”審視了核不擴散復合體系：20世紀70年代中期、冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時期和21世紀初。在每個時期，外生的擴散沖擊與現(xiàn)有的機構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)相互作用，產(chǎn)生了特定的競爭模式，從而引發(fā)了日益加劇的制度分裂的反應(yīng)序列。我的論點對于全球經(jīng)濟治理具有廣泛的適用性，并對不斷增長的國際政治經(jīng)濟學文獻探討全球治理機構(gòu)中的反應(yīng)序列和制度衰敗具有重要意義。

This article theorizes path-dependent changes in the institutional architecture of the nuclear nonproliferation regime complex; it analyses the effects of different regime-complex structures on institutional contestation and policy adjustment. I first offer a general theory of how the preexisting institutional structures of international regime complexes (IRCs) facilitate and constrain subsequent institutional developments in ways that make IRCs prone to endogenous, path-dependent change. Next, I illustrate how strategies of regime shifting and rival regime creation in the nuclear nonproliferation complex have triggered path-dependent 'reactive sequencing’, resulting in growing institutional fragmentation. To illustrate endogenous dynamics of IRC evolution, I examine the nuclear nonproliferation complex at three 'critical junctures’: The mid-1970s, the end of the Cold War, and the early-2000s. During each period, exogenous proliferation shocks interacted with pre-existing institutional structures to produce specific patterns of contestation which set in motion a reactive sequence of growing institutional fragmentation. My argument has relevance for global economic governance broadly and for the growing IPE literature which explores reactive sequencing and institutional decay in global governance institutions.

題目：Governing cyberspace: policy boundary politics across organizations

作者：Stephanie C. Hofmann，歐洲大學研究所政治與社會科學系教授和羅伯特·舒曼高級研究中心國際關(guān)系聯(lián)合主席；Patryk Pawlak，卡內(nèi)基歐洲研究中心的訪問學者和歐洲大學研究所（佛羅倫薩）羅伯特·舒曼高級研究中心兼職教授。

摘要：政策邊界和問題相互依存并非是既定的。它們所涉及的利害關(guān)系——由誰治理、如何治理以及政策領(lǐng)域在何處——隨著時間的推移被制度化，這通常是由全球北方國家首先制定。我們對這些利害關(guān)系如何在組織內(nèi)部和跨組織制度化的方式知之甚少。為此，我們通過探究一個新興政策領(lǐng)域如何在一個高度制度化的環(huán)境中，如何和取得什么效果來填補這個空白。我們認為，新政策領(lǐng)域，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間或人工智能，促使政府調(diào)動資源通過將前景性的問題聚合在新組織和現(xiàn)有組織中進行擇地選擇政策框架，以建設(shè)聯(lián)盟合作。最初，志同道合的國家在組織中更有可能產(chǎn)生共鳴，從而導致部分差異化的非等級制度復合體。長期而言，競爭性的壓力調(diào)整，尤其南半球國家所感受到的壓力，有助于引發(fā)制度向一個協(xié)調(diào)的一般性組織的制度轉(zhuǎn)變。關(guān)鍵的行動者必須重新調(diào)整他們的框架，從而減少差異。在當今的地緣政治世界中，這加劇了組織內(nèi)部政治分歧。我們在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的案例中檢驗了三個命題，并展示了跨組織競爭框架的擴散如何導致政策辯論轉(zhuǎn)移到聯(lián)合國，而在聯(lián)合國只能進行零碎的政策調(diào)整。我們的分析基于一手資料和沉浸式策略。

Policy boundaries and issue interdependence are not a given. The stakes they imply—who governs, how, and where a policy domain is—become institutionalized over time, often first by the Global North. We know little about how these stakes are presented and institutionalized within and across organizations. We tackle this lacuna by asking how, and to what effect, an emerging policy domain is situated in a densely institutionalized environment. We argue that new policy domains such as cyberspace or artificial intelligence prompt resourceful governments to forum-shop policy frames by clustering promising issues in new and existing organizations in pursuit of coalition-building. Initially, resonance is more likely to be established in organizations with like-minded countries, leading to partially differentiated non-hierarchical regime complexes. In the long-term, competing adjustment pressures, particularly felt in the Global South, help trigger a regime-shift to an orchestrating general-purpose organization. Key actors must reconfigure their frames thereby reducing differentiation. In today’s geopolitical world, this hardens intra-organizational political differences. We examine three propositions in the case of cyberspace and show how the proliferation of competing frames across organizations led to shifting the policy debate to the UN, where only piecemeal policy adjustments are possible. Our analysis is based on primary sources and immersion strategies.

題目：Competition and regime complex architecture: authority relations and differentiation in international education

作者：Rie Kijima，多倫多大學蒙克全球事務(wù)與公共政策學院的助理教授；Phillip Y. Lipscy，多倫多大學政治學系和蒙克全球事務(wù)與公共政策學院教授，及東京大學法學院教授。

摘要：制度復雜性的決定因素和后果是什么？我們認為，國際議題領(lǐng)域的特征——網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)和進入壁壘——影響了可行競爭的程度，并對權(quán)威關(guān)系、制度差異化和實質(zhì)性結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了重要影響。競爭傾向于侵蝕現(xiàn)有制度的主導地位，削弱等級制度。競爭下的差異化因權(quán)力和物質(zhì)資源而異：強大的國家試圖通過引入無差異化的機構(gòu)來改變現(xiàn)狀，而資源有限的行動者則傾向于針對差異化的利基市場。實質(zhì)性結(jié)果的差異取決于初始的制度配置，特別是在最初被賦予權(quán)力的行動者更可能從競爭中失利。我們通過研究國際教育制度復雜體系（這是一個具有極其重要性但經(jīng)常被忽視的議題領(lǐng)域）來發(fā)展這個理論并測試四個假設(shè)。

What are the determinants and consequences of regime complexity? We argue that characteristics of international issue areas – network effects and entry barriers – affect the degree of feasible competition, with important consequences for authority relations, institutional differentiation, and substantive outcomes. Competition tends to erode the dominance of status quo institutions, diminishing hierarchy. Differentiation under competition varies according to power and material resources: Powerful states seek to shift the status quo by introducing undifferentiated institutions, while actors with limited resources tend to target differentiated niches. Variation in substantive outcomes depends on the initial configuration of institutions, particularly which actors are originally empowered and thus stand to lose from competition. We develop this theory and test four hypotheses by examining the regime complex for international education, a substantively important but often neglected issue area.

題目：Hierarchy and differentiation in international regime complexes: a theoretical framework for comparative research

作者：C. Randall Henning，美利堅大學國際服務(wù)學院國際經(jīng)濟關(guān)系教授；Tyler Pratt，北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校政治學助理教授。

摘要：國際制度復雜性的概念提供了一個有用的視角來研究全球治理中國際機構(gòu)的不斷增多。越來越多的國際政治經(jīng)濟學（IPE）文獻指出，許多重要政策領(lǐng)域存在重疊的機構(gòu)集群，然而一些學者認為，復雜性削弱了治理效力，而另一些學者則認為分散的機構(gòu)優(yōu)于統(tǒng)一的機構(gòu)。為了使這些發(fā)現(xiàn)具有連貫性，我們提出了一個一般的理論框架，基于兩個結(jié)構(gòu)特征來描述制度復雜性：權(quán)威關(guān)系和機構(gòu)分化。這些維度共同決定了國家和其他行動者在遵循制度規(guī)則時所面臨的機遇和限制。因此，它們塑造了重要的結(jié)果，例如政策調(diào)整、制度轉(zhuǎn)移和創(chuàng)建競爭性制度。本文提出了有關(guān)權(quán)威和分化效應(yīng)的可檢驗假設(shè)，并評估它們與本專題的五篇同伴文章所研究的八個制度復雜體的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。我們進一步確定了一組塑造制度復雜體隨時間演變的動態(tài)過程。我們的框架加強了制度復雜體的比較分析基礎(chǔ)，并為研究計劃提供了新的議程。

The concept of international regime complexity offers a useful lens for examining the increasing density of international institutions in global governance. A growing literature in International Political Economy (IPE) identifies clusters of overlapping institutions in many important policy areas, yet some scholars argue that complexity undermines governance effectiveness, while others perceive distinct advantages over unified institutions. To bring coherence to these findings, we present a general theoretical framework that characterizes regime complexes based on two structural features: Authority relations and institutional differentiation. These dimensions jointly determine the opportunities and constraints that states and other actors confront as they navigate institutional rules. As a result, they shape important outcomes, such as policy adjustment, regime shifting and competitive regime creation. The article proposes testable hypotheses regarding the effects of authority and differentiation, and we assess their correspondence with the eight regime complexes examined by the five companion articles in this special issue. We further identify a set of dynamic processes that shape the evolution of regime complexes over time. Our framework strengthens the foundation for comparative analysis of regime complexes and charts a new agenda for the research program.

編譯 | 朱嘉成 崔育淶

校對 | 崔育淶 朱嘉成

排版 | 趙弘宇