在過去數(shù)千年的歷史上，中國人思想文化的傳承，依靠的不僅僅是社會性的普適教育，最為關(guān)鍵的，其實是家庭教育。

In the past thousands of years, the inheritance of Chinese ideology and culture depends not only on social universal education, but also on family education.

在很多著名歷史人物的介紹里，我們經(jīng)?？梢钥吹?，說他是出自于書香門第，為什么書香門第容易出人才，就是因為這樣的家庭，往往有著嚴格的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)，有著優(yōu)良的家風傳統(tǒng)。

In the introductions of many famous historical figures, we can often see that he came from a scholarly family. The reason why it is easy for a scholarly family to produce talents is that such families often have strict family rules and instructions, and have excellent family traditions.

歷史上比較著名的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)，比如《朱子家訓(xùn)》《顏氏家訓(xùn)》《曾國藩家訓(xùn)》等等，都不僅僅是他們家族內(nèi)部的治家方略，還涉及到為人處世修身養(yǎng)性甚至治國理政等方方面面的內(nèi)容。

因為這些家族，培養(yǎng)出了很多在歷史上非常有影響力的人才，所以他們家族內(nèi)部的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)，也就被世人爭相學(xué)習(xí)效仿。當然，在古時候，每一個家族或者家庭，也都會有各自不同的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)，并不會完全相同。

Because these families have trained a lot of influential talents in history, their family rules and family precepts have been emulated by the world. Of course, in ancient times, each family or family had its own rules and instructions, which were not identical.

那么我們的古人，為什么要在家里立下家規(guī)家訓(xùn)呢？我們知道，家訓(xùn)的作用，就是“言居家之道，以垂訓(xùn)子孫”，最早的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)，可以追溯到西周時期。西周，是一個非常重視禮儀的時代，特別是祭祀。

So why did our ancient people set up family rules at home? As we know, the function of family discipline is to "speak the way of living at home, so as to instruct the descendants". The earliest family discipline can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Western Zhou Dynasty was an era that attached great importance to etiquette, especially sacrifice.

禮記中說：禮有五經(jīng)，莫重于祭。也就是說，祭禮，是諸禮當中的重中之重，祭禮的目的，主要是表達對天地鬼神的敬畏以及達對祖先的孝敬，這是一件非常神圣的事情，所以有許多需要注意的細節(jié)和禮儀。

The Book of Rites says: "Rites have five sutras, so don't be more important than sacrifices.". In other words, sacrificial rites are the most important among all kinds of rites. The purpose of sacrificial rites is to express the awe of the gods and gods of heaven and earth and the filial piety to ancestors. This is a very sacred thing, so there are many details and rituals that need to be paid attention to.

但是小孩子往往不懂事，如果在祭祀的過程中追逐嬉戲，就會褻瀆神明觸怒先祖，被視為是大不敬的行為，所以古人就制定出很多條條框框的規(guī)矩，從小就教育小孩，要遵守這些禮儀家教，以免在祭祀的時候出現(xiàn)亂子，這就是最早的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)。

But children are often ignorant. If they chase and play in the process of sacrifice, they will desecrate the gods and offend their ancestors, which is regarded as a great disrespect. So the ancients formulated many rules and regulations. They taught children from an early age and should abide by these rules and regulations to avoid trouble during the sacrifice. 

后來，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，小時候受到過這種禮儀家教的人，長大以后會有更好的性格和品質(zhì)，于是就總結(jié)出了“慎終于始”的教育理念，也就是說，對一個人的教育，要從小就開始，而且要一以貫之。

Later, people found that those who had received such etiquette tutoring as children would have better character and quality when they grew up, so they summed up the education concept of "being cautious at the end of the day", that is, the education of a person should start from an early age and be consistent.

因此，除開禮儀規(guī)矩之外，古人的家教，還加入了孝道、仁義禮智信等儒家思想的內(nèi)容，同時提倡“嚴父慈母”的家風原則，也就逐漸形成了有意識、有針對性的家規(guī)家訓(xùn)。

Therefore, apart from etiquette and rules, the family education of the ancient people also added such Confucian ideas as filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trustworthiness, and advocated the family style principle of "strict father and loving mother", which gradually formed a conscious and targeted family discipline.

歷史上有個著名的家教故事——孟母三遷。在孟子很小的時候，他的父親就去世了。那么當時孟子的家庭條件，其實還不錯，因為他家里祖上世代為官，父親雖然英年早逝，但卻留下了一筆財富給孤兒寡母，雖然不至于大富大貴，但卻也足夠他們衣食無憂。

There is a famous family education story in history - Mencius' mother moved three times. When Mencius was very young, his father died. At that time, Mencius' family conditions were not bad, because his ancestors had been officials for generations. Although his father died young, he left a fortune to the orphans and widows. 

古人說“子不教父之過”，孟子沒有父親，他的母親就承擔起了對兒子教育的責任，于是就有了我們所熟知的孟母三遷的故事，大概就和咱們現(xiàn)在有的家長為了孩子上學(xué)換了三套學(xué)區(qū)房一個道理，但是這個搬家是需要花錢的，孟子的母親接連搬了三次，差不多就把家里的錢都花光了，最后搬了一所學(xué)校的旁邊。

The ancients said that "children do not have a godfather's fault". Mencius had no father, and his mother took the responsibility for his son's education. As a result, we know the story of Mencius' mother moving three times, which is probably the same as some parents now changing three sets of school district houses for their children's schooling. 

別人就不理解啊，說你留著錢多好呀對吧，搬來搬去成了窮光蛋，這以后就要過苦日子了。那么孟子的母親雖然是一個婦道人家，但她卻非常注重家庭教育，她知道如果靠自己有限的學(xué)識，很難把兒子教好，所以她寧愿窮一點，也要讓兒子在一個好的教育環(huán)境當中成長。

Others don't understand. They say it's good for you to keep your money, right? You've become a pauper when you move around, and you'll have to live a hard life later. Although Mencius's mother was a woman, she paid great attention to family education...

孟子的母親知道，如果小時候不注重教育問題，等他長大了一樣要敗光家產(chǎn)，所以一個沒有家規(guī)家訓(xùn)的家庭，實際上比窮還要可怕，因為窮沒有關(guān)系，財富還可以不斷創(chuàng)造。

Mencius' mother knew that if he didn't pay attention to education when he was young, he would lose all his family wealth when he grew up. Therefore, a family without family rules and regulations is actually more terrible than being poor, because it doesn't matter if it is poor, and wealth can be created continuously.

但如果沒有家教，孩子長大以后就沒有規(guī)矩，等待他的就不僅僅是窮，還不知道會惹出什么樣的禍端，這就是家規(guī)家訓(xùn)的意義所在，它實際上是給孩子成長進行保駕護航的一種家庭教育機制，所以說：一個沒有規(guī)矩的家庭，遠比沒錢還要更可怕！

But if there is no family education, children will have no rules when they grow up. It is not only poor to wait for them, but also unknown what kind of disaster will be caused. This is the meaning of family rules and family instructions. In fact, it is a family education mechanism to protect children's growth. So, a family without rules is far more terrible than no money!

中國古人的家庭教育從胎教開始，貫穿了人的一生，直到“慎終追遠”。古語講：“閨閫乃圣賢所出之地，母教為天下太平之源?！笨鬃印⒚献?、歐陽修等圣賢人的出現(xiàn)，都是因為從小在家庭中就接受了良好的母教。

The family education of the ancient Chinese started from prenatal education and ran through the whole life of a person until "being cautious and pursuing the future". As an old saying goes, "Boudoir is the place where sages come from, and maternal education is the source of peace in the world." Confucius, Mencius, Ouyang Xiu and other sages appeared because they had received good maternal education in their families since childhood.

中國傳統(tǒng)文化強調(diào)男女在人格上是平等的，但在家庭的職責分工上有差別。用現(xiàn)代話說，就是男女的社會角色、職責、分工各有側(cè)重：男子創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟收入，使家人衣食無憂；女子教育子女，使兒女把良好的家風、家業(yè)承傳下去，這就是男女有別。

Chinese traditional culture emphasizes that men and women are equal in personality, but there are differences in the division of family responsibilities. In modern terms, the social roles, responsibilities and division of labor of men and women have their own priorities: men create economic income, so that their families have no worries about food and clothing...

“不孝有三，無后為大”的“無后”，不僅是指沒有兒子，更重要的是指沒有承傳事業(yè)的后繼人才。所以古人強調(diào)：“至要莫如教子”，提醒家庭最重要的職責就是把兒女教育好，以身作則，所謂“言教者訟，身教者從”。因為兒女和母親在一起的時間最長，所以教育子女的責任主要由母親來承擔。

"There are three ways to be unfilial, and no offspring is the greatest". "No offspring" not only means no sons, but more importantly, no successors to the cause. Therefore, the ancients emphasized that "it is better to teach children than to teach them". They reminded families that the most important responsibility is to educate their children well and set an example. 

正是傳統(tǒng)文化重視發(fā)揮婦女在家教中的作用，才塑造了中華民族的優(yōu)秀品格，使中華民族生生不息、綿延不絕。

It is the traditional culture that attaches importance to the role of women in family education, which shapes the excellent character of the Chinese nation and makes the Chinese nation endless.