我們都知道，通過(guò)曬太陽(yáng)我們能補(bǔ)充大量的維生素D。維生素D可以用來(lái)預(yù)防小兒佝僂病和成人骨軟化癥，維生素D與鈣合用可以預(yù)防老年人骨質(zhì)疏松。維生素D對(duì)神經(jīng)肌肉功能、炎癥都有作用，還影響許多基因的表達(dá)和翻譯，調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)化和凋亡。

但是視頻中的皮膚科專家和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了陽(yáng)光另一個(gè)讓人驚訝的益處。今天的TED演講為你一一道來(lái)。

So, before I became a dermatologist,

在成為皮膚科醫(yī)生之前

I started in general medicine,

我最初在一般內(nèi)科（實(shí)習(xí)）

as most dermatologists do in Britain.

正如英國(guó)的大多數(shù)皮膚科醫(yī)生所經(jīng)歷的那樣

At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,

在實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束前我去了澳大利亞

about 20 years ago.

那是大約20年前了。

What you learn when you go to Australia

去了澳大利亞

is the Australians are very competitive.

你就知道那里的人非常爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝

And they are not magnanimous in victory.

他們對(duì)于獲勝可謂是斤斤計(jì)較

And that happened a lot:

這類事情經(jīng)常發(fā)生：

'You pommies, you can’t play cricket, rugby.'

“你們英國(guó)佬不會(huì)打板球和橄欖球。”

I could accept that.

這個(gè)我能接受

But moving into work --

但換到工作中——

and we have each week what’s called a journal club,

我們每周有一次期刊俱樂(lè)部的活動(dòng)，

when you’d sit down with the other doctors

我跟別的醫(yī)生們一起坐下來(lái)

and you’d study a scientific paper

研究一篇科學(xué)論文

in relation to medicine.

只要與醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)

And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,

第一個(gè)星期后，課題是關(guān)于心血管疾病的死亡率，

a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,

這很枯燥—— 多少人死于心臟病，

what the rates are.

死亡率是多少。

And they were competitive about this:

他們就抬杠說(shuō)

'You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking.'

“你們英國(guó)佬的心臟病率令人震驚?！?/p>

And of course, they were right.

當(dāng)然，他們沒(méi)錯(cuò)

Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --

澳大利亞人的心臟病發(fā)病率比我們少三分之一

less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --

心臟病、心率衰竭、以及中風(fēng)等病致死的概率也低

they’re generally a healthier bunch.

他們（跟英國(guó)人比）是個(gè)更健康的人群

And of course they said this was because of

當(dāng)然他們說(shuō)這是因?yàn)?/p>

their fine moral standing, their exercise,

澳大利人道德高尚，喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)

because they’re Australians and we’re weedy pommies, and so on.

因?yàn)樗麄兪前拇罄麃喨耍覀兪鞘萑醯挠?guó)佬，等等。

But it’s not just Australia that has better health than Britain.

但是不只是澳大利亞人比英國(guó)人健康。

Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --

在英國(guó)內(nèi)部，健康也是有梯度的

and this is what’s called standardized mortality,

這就是所謂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化死亡率

basically your chances of dying.

大致來(lái)說(shuō)就是你死亡的概率

This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,

論文引用的是20年前的數(shù)據(jù)

but it’s true today.

在今天也適用

Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --

對(duì)比北緯50度以北地區(qū)的死亡率

that’s the South, that’s London and places --

這是南方的倫敦和周邊地區(qū)

by latitude, and 55 degrees --

北緯55度

the bad news is that’s here, Glasgow.

這里情況不太好，是格拉斯哥

I’m from Edinburgh. Worse news, that’s even Edinburgh.

我來(lái)自愛(ài)丁堡 。更糟的是，這里也有愛(ài)丁堡 。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So what accounts for this horrible space here

是什么導(dǎo)致了這些地方的數(shù)據(jù)如此恐怖

between us up here in southern Scotland

在蘇格蘭南部

and the South?

和英格蘭南部之間？

Now, we know about smoking,

現(xiàn)在，我們知道愿意包括吸煙、

deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.

油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——這些都是格拉斯哥的飲食。

All of these things.

所有這些都是。

But this graph is after taking into account

但這張圖是綜合考慮了

all of these known risk factors.

所有這些已知風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的

This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,

排除了吸煙，社會(huì)地位，飲食，

all those other known risk factors.

以及其他所有已知的危險(xiǎn)因素的影響

We are left with this missing space

這里有個(gè)空白區(qū)域

of increased deaths the further north you go.

越往北，死亡率越高

Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.

現(xiàn)在，日照這個(gè)因素參與了進(jìn)來(lái)

And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,

媒體有過(guò)大量關(guān)于維生素D的報(bào)道

and a lot of people get concerned about it.

許多人也開始關(guān)注

And we need vitamin D. It’s now a requirement that children have a certain amount.

我們需要維生素D?，F(xiàn)在對(duì)兒童每天的攝入量有所規(guī)定。

My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,

我祖母在格拉斯哥長(zhǎng)大

back in the 1920s and ’30s when rickets was a real problem

在20世紀(jì)二三十年代，佝僂病是個(gè)大問(wèn)題

and cod liver oil was brought in.

魚肝油被采用，

And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.

真正起到了預(yù)防佝僂病這種常見(jiàn)病的作用

And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.

小時(shí)候，祖母就給我吃過(guò)。

I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.

無(wú)疑，沒(méi)人會(huì)忘記魚肝油。

But an association: The higher people’s blood levels of vitamin D are,

可是有一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)：血液里維生素D越高的人

the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.

患心臟病和癌癥的幾率越低

There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.

有很多數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)明維生素D對(duì)人體有益。

And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.

它會(huì)預(yù)防佝僂病，等等。

But if you give people vitamin D supplements,

但如果你給人們維生素D補(bǔ)充劑，

you don’t change that high rate of heart disease.

并不會(huì)改變心臟病的高發(fā)率。

And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.

它預(yù)防癌癥的證據(jù)還不太具說(shuō)服力

So what I’m going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.

我的想法是，維生素D不是唯一的影響因素

It’s not the only reason preventing heart disease.

它不是預(yù)防心臟病的唯一原因。

High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,

維生素D高，是常曬太陽(yáng)的結(jié)果

and sunlight exposure, in methods I’m going to show,

我將要說(shuō)明，多曬太陽(yáng)

is good for heart disease.

能減少患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

Anyway, I came back from Australia,

不管怎樣，我從澳大利亞回來(lái)了，

and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.

我冒著生命危險(xiǎn)搬到了阿伯丁

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.

現(xiàn)在，在阿伯丁，我開始進(jìn)行皮膚科的培訓(xùn)

But I also became interested in research,

可我也對(duì)研究感興趣，

and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.

特別是對(duì)一氧化氮這種物質(zhì)感興趣。

Now these three guys up here,

這三個(gè)人

Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,

弗奇戈特、伊格納羅和穆拉德

won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.

是1998年諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的得主

And they were the first people to describe

他們是最早來(lái)描述

this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.

這種新的化學(xué)傳遞物——一氧化氮——的人

What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,

一氧化氮會(huì)擴(kuò)張血管，

so it lowers your blood pressure.

降低血壓。

It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.

它也能擴(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈，從而緩解心絞痛。

And what was remarkable about it

它與眾不同的是

was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,

過(guò)去當(dāng)我們想到體內(nèi)的化學(xué)信使時(shí)，

we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,

我們會(huì)想到一些復(fù)雜的諸東西，如雌激素、胰島素、

or nerve transmission.

或神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)。

Very complex processes with very complex chemicals

非常復(fù)雜的流程伴有非常復(fù)雜的化學(xué)物質(zhì)

that fit into very complex receptors.

存在于非常復(fù)雜的受體中。

And here’s this incredibly simple molecule,

這是個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的分子，

a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,

一個(gè)氮和一個(gè)氧粘在一起，

and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,

但這些對(duì)我們的維持較低的血壓至關(guān)重要，

for neurotransmission, for many, many things,

它作用于神經(jīng)傳遞和許多許多東西，

but particularly cardiovascular health.

尤其是心血管健康。

And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,

我們開始研究，并且非常激動(dòng)地發(fā)現(xiàn)，

that the skin produces nitric oxide.

皮膚會(huì)生成一氧化氮。

So it’s not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.

所以它不只是在心血管系統(tǒng)中才出現(xiàn)

It arises in the skin.

它在皮膚上也出現(xiàn)。

Well, having found that and published that,

將這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表之后

I thought, well, what’s it doing?

我就想，它在干啥呢？

How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?

你皮膚上怎么能有低血壓呢？

It’s not the heart. What do you do?

不是心臟。你是干啥呢？

So I went off to the States, as many people do if they’re going to do research,

于是我去了美國(guó)，很多人都去美國(guó)做研究

and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.

我在匹斯堡呆了幾年，這就是匹斯堡。

And I was interested in these really complex systems.

我對(duì)這些超級(jí)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)感興趣。

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,

我們認(rèn)為也許一氧化氮影響細(xì)胞死亡，

and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

影響細(xì)胞存活，也影響細(xì)胞的免疫

And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,

我先開始研究細(xì)胞文化，細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)

and then I was using knockout mouse models --

接著用被擊昏了的老鼠作為模特

mice that couldn’t make the gene.

那些老鼠不能生產(chǎn)基因。

We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.

我們研究出一個(gè)機(jī)理：一氧化氮幫助細(xì)胞存活

And I then moved back to Edinburgh.

后來(lái)我搬回愛(ài)丁堡。

And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.

在愛(ài)丁堡，我的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物是醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)生。

It’s a species close to human,

是接近人類的一個(gè)物種，

with several advantages over mice:

跟老鼠相比有以下幾個(gè)好處：

They’re free, you don’t shave them, they feed themselves,

不用付費(fèi)，不用給他們剃毛，不用喂養(yǎng)他們

and nobody pickets your office saying,

沒(méi)人查你的辦公室，還要說(shuō)：

'Save the lab medical student.'

“管好你實(shí)驗(yàn)室的醫(yī)科學(xué)生?！?/p>

So they’re really an ideal model.

所以說(shuō)，他們真是理想的模特。

But what we found

但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)

was that we couldn’t reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.

我們不能在人身上復(fù)制出在老鼠身上得到的數(shù)據(jù)。

It seemed we couldn’t turn off the production

看來(lái)我們不能停止

of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.

人體皮膚產(chǎn)生一氧化氮

We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,

我們涂上乳液就能阻擋制造它的酶，

we injected things. We couldn’t turn off the nitric oxide.

我們能注射藥品。但我們無(wú)法停住一氧化氮。

And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years’ work,

經(jīng)過(guò)兩三年的工作，我們終于找出了原因，

was that in the skin we have huge stores

我們皮膚里大量?jī)?chǔ)存的并非一氧化氮

not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,

因?yàn)橐谎趸菤怏w

and it’s released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it’s away,

它要揮發(fā)的——（噗！) ——幾秒鐘就沒(méi)影了，

but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --

但一氧化氮能轉(zhuǎn)化成

nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.

硝酸鹽、硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、二氧化氮、亞硝基硫醇。

And these are more stable,

這些形式更穩(wěn)定

and your skin has got really large stores of NO.

你的皮膚就得到了大量的一氧化氮

And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,

我們就尋思

I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores

陽(yáng)光是否會(huì)活化這大量的一氧化氮

and release them from the skin,

將它們從皮膚中釋放出來(lái)

where the stores are about 10 times as big as what’s in the circulation.

這些一氧化氮的存量10倍于參與新陳代謝的一氧化氮量

Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,

太陽(yáng)能不能激活這些存量讓它們參與新陳代謝，

and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?

從而作用于心血管系統(tǒng)呢？

Well, I’m an experimental dermatologist,

我呢，是個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)皮膚科醫(yī)生，

so what we did was we thought

所以我們想到

we’d have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.

應(yīng)該讓實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物多曬太陽(yáng)

And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers

于是，我們找來(lái)了一群志愿者

and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.

讓他們接受紫外線照射

So these are kind of sunlamps.

這些是太陽(yáng)燈。

Now, what we were careful to do was,

這里我們要小心

vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays

維生素D是通過(guò)中波紫外線（UVB）射線生成的

and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.

而我們想排除維生素D的干擾

So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn’t make vitamin D.

所以，我們使用了不生成維生素D的長(zhǎng)波紫外線（UVA）

When we put people under a lamp

我們對(duì)受試者進(jìn)行照射

for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,

強(qiáng)度相當(dāng)于暴露在愛(ài)丁堡夏日陽(yáng)光中30分鐘

what we produced was, we produced a rise

結(jié)果是我們得到了

in circulating nitric oxide.

新陳代謝中一氧化氮的提升

So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,

我們讓心血管病的患者接受紫外線照射

and their NO levels do go up,

他們的一氧化氮水平上升了

and their blood pressure goes down.

而他們的血壓下降了

Not by much, as an individual level,

就個(gè)人而言不算多

but enough at a population level

但對(duì)于整個(gè)人群而言有顯著意義

to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.

足以改變整個(gè)人群的心臟病患病率

And when we shone UV at them,

給他們照射紫外線

or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,

或者使他們的皮膚太陽(yáng)燈的溫度那樣溫暖

but didn’t actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn’t happen.

但不讓光線接觸皮膚，同樣的結(jié)果就不會(huì)發(fā)生

So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.

這似乎說(shuō)明了其中關(guān)鍵在于紫外線要接觸到皮膚

Now, we’re still collecting data.

我們至今仍在收集數(shù)據(jù)

A few good things here:

有幾樣好的發(fā)現(xiàn)：

This appeared to be more marked in older people.

這在年長(zhǎng)者身上效果更明顯

I’m not sure exactly how much.

我不確定具體的數(shù)量

One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,

其中一個(gè)被試是我的岳母大人

and clearly I do not know her age.

很顯然我不太清楚她的年齡

But certainly in people older than my wife,

但肯定比我太太年紀(jì)要大

this appears to be a more marked effect.

在她身上效果更明顯

And the other thing I should mention

我要提到的另一點(diǎn)是

was there was no change in vitamin D.

在整個(gè)過(guò)程中維生素D并沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化

This is separate from vitamin D.

維生素D的影響是被分離的

So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,

維生素D對(duì)人有益——它預(yù)防佝僂病

it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.

還能預(yù)防鈣流失，是很重要的微量元素

But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.

但（我們研究的）這是一個(gè)與維生素D相分離的機(jī)制

Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure

現(xiàn)今在血壓的問(wèn)題上有一點(diǎn)要注意

is your body does everything it can

就是你的身體會(huì)竭盡所能

to keep your blood pressure at the same place.

去把血壓維持在同一個(gè)水平

If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,

如果你的腿被剁斷，你會(huì)失血，

your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,

你的身體會(huì)施加壓力，增加心跳，

do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.

來(lái)盡可能地維持你的正常血壓。

That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.

這是一個(gè)絕對(duì)的基本生理原則。

So what we’ve next done

所以我們接下來(lái)做的

is we’ve moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.

就是轉(zhuǎn)而研究血管擴(kuò)張

So we’ve measured -- this is again,

我們測(cè)試了同一批（實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物）

notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.

注意他們沒(méi)有尾巴也沒(méi)有皮毛，這是個(gè)醫(yī)科學(xué)生。

In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm

你測(cè)量手臂上的血流

by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.

測(cè)量血流通過(guò)時(shí)血管擴(kuò)張了多少

And what we’ve shown is that doing a sham irradiation --

這里顯示的是在做假射機(jī)

this is the thick line here --

這里有條粗線

this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up

紫外線照射到手臂上，皮膚升溫

but keeping it covered so the rays don’t hit the skin.

但我們蓋住皮膚，所以紫外線就接觸不到了

There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.

血流量沒(méi)有變化，血管也沒(méi)有擴(kuò)張

But the active irradiation,

但如果讓紫外線接觸皮膚

during the UV and for an hour after it,

在紫外線照射期間及照射后一小時(shí)

there is dilation of the blood vessels.

血管都有所擴(kuò)張

This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,

這就是降低血壓的機(jī)制

by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,

你的冠狀動(dòng)脈也擴(kuò)張了

to let the blood be supplied with the heart.

給心臟提供更多的血液

So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that’s sunlight --

這里有更多有關(guān)紫外線——也就是太陽(yáng)光的作用

has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示紫外線有益于血流和心血管系統(tǒng)。

So we thought we’d just kind of model --

我們認(rèn)為我們只是一種模型--

Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,

不同時(shí)節(jié)照射到不同地域的紫外線是不等的

so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --

所以，你其實(shí)可以

the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --

將皮膚里的硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、還有亞硝基硫醇

cleave to release NO.

分解得到一氧化氮

Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.

不同波長(zhǎng)的光產(chǎn)生不同的反應(yīng)

So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.

所以你可以去檢視光波

And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,

如果你住在赤道地區(qū)，太陽(yáng)光垂直射入

it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.

薄薄的大氣

In winter or summer, it’s the same amount of light.

無(wú)論冬夏，光照的量是相同的

If you live up here, in summer

如果你住在（高緯度地區(qū)）

the sun is coming fairly directly down,

太陽(yáng)光在夏季幾乎是直射的

but in winter it’s coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,

而在冬季就會(huì)斜穿厚厚的大氣

and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,

很多紫外線無(wú)法到達(dá)地面

and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth

而到達(dá)地面的波長(zhǎng)范圍

are different from summer to winter.

夏天和冬天是不同的

So what you can do is you can multiply those data

你可以把這些數(shù)據(jù)

by the NO that’s released

乘上一氧化氮的釋放量

and you can calculate how much nitric oxide

你就可以算出有多少一氧化氮

would be released from the skin into the circulation.

從皮膚里釋放，參與到新陳代謝中去

Now, if you’re on the equator here --

如果你在赤道地區(qū)

that’s these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --

也就是這兩條紅色和紫色的線

the amount of nitric oxide that’s released is the area under the curve,

線下方的區(qū)域代表一氧化氮的釋放量

it’s the area in this space here.

也就是這片區(qū)域

So if you’re on the equator, December or June,

所以如果你在赤道地區(qū)，不管是12月份還是6月份

you’ve got masses of NO being released from the skin.

你的皮膚里都能釋放大量的一氧化氮

So Ventura is in southern California.

南加州有個(gè)地方叫文圖拉

In summer, you might as well be at the equator.

你在夏天能得到相當(dāng)于赤道地區(qū)的日照

It’s great. Lots of NO is released.

這太棒了，釋放了很多的一氧化氮

Ventura mid-winter, well, there’s still a decent amount.

文圖拉的隆冬，結(jié)果也不錯(cuò)

Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,

愛(ài)丁堡的夏季，曲線以下的區(qū)域也還行

but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released

可以一到冬季，一氧化氮

is next to nothing, tiny amounts.

幾乎就不釋放了

So what do we think?

我們?nèi)绾慰创@個(gè)結(jié)果？

We’re still working at this story,

我們?nèi)匀辉谘芯?/p>

we’re still developing it, we’re still expanding it.

我們?nèi)匀辉诎l(fā)掘和擴(kuò)展

We think it’s very important.

我們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究非常重要

We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,

我們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究能解釋英國(guó)南北部很多的健康問(wèn)題的差異

It’s of relevance to us.

這是與我們切實(shí)相關(guān)的

We think that the skin --

我們認(rèn)為人的皮膚

well, we know that the skin has got very large stores

我們知道人的皮膚上有很多

of nitric oxide as these various other forms.

以不同形式存在的一氧化氮

We suspect a lot of these come from diet,

我們猜想其中有很多來(lái)自于飲食

green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce

綠葉蔬菜，甜菜根、還有生菜

has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.

含有很多的一氧化氮，我們認(rèn)為它最終來(lái)到皮膚

We think they’re then stored in the skin,

并且貯存在皮膚里

and we think the sunlight releases this

我們認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)光能釋放這些一氧化氮

where it has generally beneficial effects.

起到很多有益的作用

And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --

這個(gè)研究還在進(jìn)行之中，可皮膚科醫(yī)生們——

I mean, I’m a dermatologist.

我就是一名皮膚科醫(yī)生

My day job is saying to people, 'You’ve got skin cancer,

白天的工作中我要對(duì)病人說(shuō)，“你得了皮膚癌，

it’s caused by sunlight, don’t go in the sun.'

是陽(yáng)光引起的， 別去曬太陽(yáng)?！?/p>

I actually think a far more important message

其實(shí)我認(rèn)為還有更重要的一則訊息

is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.

就是曬太陽(yáng)既有益處，也有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,

沒(méi)錯(cuò)，陽(yáng)光是引發(fā)皮膚癌的一個(gè)主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)變量

but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher

但是死于心臟病的人數(shù)

than deaths from skin cancer.

是死于皮膚癌的一百倍

And I think that we need to be more aware of,

我們需要加深對(duì)此的了解

and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.

我們還需要找到其中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)效益比

How much sunlight is safe,

曬多少太陽(yáng)是安全的？

and how can we finesse this best for our general health?

如何掌握其中分寸來(lái)增進(jìn)大家普遍的健康？

So, thank you very much indeed.

非常感謝大家。