非謂語動詞專講

非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，但仍保留動詞的特點，如可以有自己的賓語和狀語。非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式、動詞的-ing形式和過去分詞。

動詞不定式

一、動詞不定式的構(gòu)成

動詞不定式由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，有時to可以省略。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，其否定形式為“not+動詞不定式”。

二、動詞不定式在句中的作用

1. 作主語。如：

To learn English well is difficult.

提示：動詞不定式作主語時，為了保持句子平衡，常用it代替它作形式主語，而將真正的主語——動詞不定式后置，上面的例句常寫為：It’s difficult to learn English well.

形式主語代替動詞不定式的常用句型為：It’s+adj.+(of / for sb.) to do sth.或It’s+n.+(for sb.) to do sth.。如：

It’s very nice of you to offer me a seat.

It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.

It was great fun to have a picnic there.

2. 作表語。如：

His dream is to be a doctor.

3. 作賓語。

常見的只能跟動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有afford，agree， decide， expect， fail， hope， learn， manage， offer， plan， pretend， refuse， want等。如：

At last the young man agreed to help us.

提示：有的及物動詞（如find， think等）跟動詞不定式作賓語時，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語——動詞不定式后置。如：

I find it hard to get along with him.

4. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

1) 常見的跟動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有advise， allow， ask， encourage， help， invite， order，teach， tell， want， warn等。如：

Mr Green told me to send two e-mails.

提示：help跟的賓語補(bǔ)足語既可以是帶to的動詞不定式，也可以是不帶to的動詞不定式。如：

Can you help the girl (to) move the chair?

2) 使役動詞（如make， let等）及感官動詞（如see，listen， feel， hear， watch等）跟的賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的動詞不定式。如：

These old photos make me think of my childhood.

I saw a young man enter the room.

提示：在被動語態(tài)中，要改為帶to的動詞不定式。如：

She was often heard to sing this song.

5. 作定語。

動詞不定式可以作名詞的定語；還可在某些句型中作定語，與所修飾的名詞是動賓關(guān)系。如：

I haven’t had the chance to think yet.（作名詞的定語）

I have tons of letters to answer.（answer和letter是動賓關(guān)系）

提示：動詞不定式作定語修飾名詞且為動賓關(guān)系時，如果動詞為不及物動詞，后面要加上相應(yīng)的介詞。如：

Tina has no paper to write on.

6. 作狀語。動詞不定式作狀語往往表示原因、目的、結(jié)果等。如：

They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. (表示原因)

To get a good seat she arrived at the hall early. (表示目的)

The boy is old enough to take care of himself. (表示結(jié)果)

三、兩點說明

1. had better， would rather， Why not ...?，Will / Would you please ...?后面接不帶to的動詞不定式。如：

To catch the early bus, you’d better get up early tomorrow morning.

2. 動詞不定式可以和疑問詞what， which， how，where， when等連用，構(gòu)成動詞不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Can you tell me where to buy a map?

動詞的-ing形式

一、動詞的-ing形式的構(gòu)成

動詞的-ing形式由“動詞原形+-ing”構(gòu)成，其否定形式為“not+動詞的-ing形式”。

二、動詞的-ing形式在句中的作用

動詞的-ing形式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。如：

Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes. （作主語）

Have you finished reading the newspaper? （作賓語）

His hobby is playing table tennis. （作表語）

Mom went out with a shopping basket. （作定語）

The woman kept me waiting for about an hour. （作賓語補(bǔ)足語）

三、 動詞的-ing形式作賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的五點說明

1. 常見的只能跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語的詞語或句型有：consider， enjoy， finish， keep， practice， suggest， be busy， can’t help， give up， have fun， What / How about ...?， Would you mind ...?。

2. 有些及物動詞（如like， love， hate， begin， start等）既可以跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語，也可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，且意思上沒什么差別。如：

Do you like reading / to read?

3. 有些及物動詞（如remember， forget， stop， try等）既可以跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語，也可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，但意義有別。remember / forget doing sth.意為“記得/忘記曾做過某事”，remember / forget to do sth.意為“記得/忘記要做某事”；stop doing sth. 意為“停止正在做的事情”，stop to do sth.意為“停止（正在做的事）去做另外一件事”。如：

Now stop writing. Listen to me, please.

Now stop to have a rest, please.

4. 許多由介詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語。如：be afraid of， be good at， be interested in， be used to， feel like， look forward to， pay attention to等。

5. 感官動詞既可以跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，也可以跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語；前者表示動作在進(jìn)行，后者表示動作的全過程。如：

I saw them playing soccer when I walked past.

I often see them play soccer in the school.

動詞的過去分詞

動詞的過去分詞一般由“動詞原形+-ed”構(gòu)成，但有一部分是不規(guī)則的，需要同學(xué)們特別記憶。動詞的過去分詞除了構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的謂語部分，在句中還可以作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。如：

The broken car is not hers.（作定語）

She felt excited at the news.（作表語）

I have my hair cut yesterday.（作賓語補(bǔ)足語）

非謂語動詞專練

Ⅰ. 根據(jù)句意用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. Do you think it necessary ________(learn) English well?

2. We should plant more trees ________(make) our city greener.

3. If you want to learn English well, you must keep ________ (study) hard.

4. The joke makes him ________(feel) angry.

5. You’d better not ________(throw) the plastic bags here and there.

6. Listen! Can you hear a baby ________(cry)?

7. The doctor advised her ________(take) more exercise every day.

8. Remember ________(hand) in your homework on time tomorrow.

9. Sam enjoys ________(paint) on weekends.

10. ________(swim) is good for our health.

11. Is there a band ________(call) Crazy Feet in your city?

12. When he got home, he found the door ________ (lock).

Ⅱ. 從A、B、C、D 四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。

( )1. Please let the young man ______ a second time.

A. try B. to try

C. trying D. tried

( )2. It’s a good habit to practice ______ English aloud every morning.

A. to read B. reading

C. read D. reads

( )3. He found it very interesting ______ a horse on the farm.

A. ride B. riden

C. riding D. to ride

( )4. It’s foolish ______ you ______ the young man.

A. for; to believe B. of; to believe

C. for; believing D. of; believing

( )5. —This book is a bit difficult. Why not ______ something easier?

—Good idea!

A. read B. to read

C. reading D. reads

( )6. My parents often tell me ______ too much junk food because it’s bad for my health.

A. not eating B. not to eat

C. eating D. to eat

( )7. Will you please ______ me ______ some washing this evening, Alan?

A. help; do B. help; doing

C. to help; do D. to help; doing

( )8. —Lisa, we’ve decided ______ on a trip this afternoon. Will you join us?

—I’m afraid not. I have a composition ______.

A. going; writing B. to go; writing

C. going; to write D. to go; to write

( )9. —Have you finished ______ the English storybook?

—Not yet. It’s too hard ______.

A. to read; to understand

B. to read; understanding

C. reading; to understand

D. reading; understanding

( )10. The workers are busy ______ in the factory.

A. work B. to work

C. works D. working

答案

Ⅰ. 1. to learn 2. to make 3. studying 4. feel 5. throw 6. crying 7. to take

8. to hand 9. painting 10. Swimming / To swim 11. called 12. locked

Ⅱ. 1-5 ABDBA 6-10 BADCD