直接引語和間接引語的概述

在直接引用別人的原話時，被引用的句子稱為直接引語。在用直接引語時，引語前后都要加引號。引導引語的動詞稱為引用動詞，如：say, ask, answer, reply等。引用動詞多數(shù)放在后面，有時放在前面，間或插在引語中間。在把引用動詞放在后面時，有時主語和動詞位置可以顛倒(特別是主語較長時)。

例如：

“Who is it?” Ann shouted.

“I never eat meat,” she explained.

“Sit up,” he commanded, “and hold out your hands.”

當用自己的話轉述別人的話時，被轉述的部分稱為間接引語。這時被引語部分常常是引用動詞的賓語。在多數(shù)情況下，引語都由連詞that引導，但在say, tell等詞后可以省略。

例如：He said (that) he had lost the bag.

Tell her I am out.

把直接引語變成間接引語時，要改變的內容

1. 要根據意思改變人稱。

2. 要根據時態(tài)呼應的原則把時態(tài)加以調整。

3. 指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞也需要作必要的變動。

各種句式變間接引語時要發(fā)生的變化

1. 陳述句

直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用連詞that引導 (that可省略)。例如：

Tony said to me, “ I will leave this book in your desk.”

→Tony told me (that) he would leave that book in my desk.

如果直接引語是表示建議、要求、推測、判斷的陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，可以變?yōu)閯釉~不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語氣的賓語從句。

例如：

Jane said to Tony, “You’d better ask your friends for some advice.”

→Jane advised Tony to ask his friends for some advice.

→Jane suggested Tony asking his friends for some advice.

→Jane advised/suggested that Tony (should) ask his friends for some advice.

2. 一般疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句

直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要用連詞whether或if引導，同時把原來的疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。

例如：

The woman asked me, “Can you show me the way to the nearest bookstore?”

→The woman asked me whether/if I could show her the way to the nearest bookstore.

直接引語是選擇疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用連詞whether引導，同時把原來的疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。例如：

My friend asked, “Will you come here by bus or by bike?”

→My friend asked whether I would go there by bus or by bike.

直接引語是反意疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，常由連詞whether或if引導，同時把原來的疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。

例如：

He asked, “This math problem is very difficult, isn’t it?

→He asked whether/if that math problem was very difficult.

3. 特殊疑問句

直接引語是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，仍用原來的疑問詞引導，同時把原來的疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。

例如：

She asked, “Where do you come from, Tom?”

→She asked Tom where he came from.

4. 表示請求、提議、建議或勸告等意義的疑問句

直接引語如果是此類疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，可以變?yōu)閯釉~不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語氣的賓語從句。

例如：

“Could you please tell me something about the trip?” David said to his sister.

→David asked his sister to tell him something about the trip.

“Why don’t you buy one for yourself?” she asked.

→She advised me to buy one for myself.

→She suggested me buying one for myself.

→She suggested/advised that I (should) buy one for myself.

5. 祈使句

直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等動詞。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式的前面加not。

例如：

Mrs. Lee said to her, “Please come here again tomorrow.”

→Mrs. Lee asked her to go there again the next/following day.

She said, “Don’t touch my book, Jack.”

→She told Jack not to touch her book.

6. 感嘆句

直接引語是感嘆句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，可以用what, how或that引導。

例如：

“What a sunny day it is!” she said.

→She said what a sunny day it was./She said that it was a sunny day.

She said, “How aloud this student sings!”

→She said how aloud that student sang./She said that student sang very aloud.

將直接引語變間接引語時，需要注意的問題

1. 直接引語是客觀事實、科學真理、諺語、習語、格言或為了表示引述的狀態(tài)和情況到現(xiàn)在仍然是事實，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。

例如：

“Where there is no trust, there is no love,” said our teacher.

→Our teacher said that where there is no trust, there is no love.

Her father said to them, “She is a good girl.”

→Her father told them she is a good girl.

2. 直接引語中有表示過去某年、某月或某日等具體的時間作狀語，變間接引語時，時態(tài)一般不變。

例如：

William said, “I was born in 1988.”

→William said that he was born in 1988.

但當直接引語中有以since, while, when等引導的表示過去時間的狀語從句，變間接引語時，狀語從句中的一般過去時不變，但主句的謂語動詞則要改為過去完成時。例如：

She said, “I went there when I was ten years old.”

→She said that she had gone there when she was ten years old.

3. 如果就在當?shù)鼗虍斕燹D述，here不必變?yōu)閠here，動詞come不必變?yōu)間o；yesterday, tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。

例如：

“Just come here to wait for me after school,” said my mother.

→My mother asked me to just come here to wait for her after school.

“I am now a Chinese citizen,” Henry said proudly.

→Henry said proudly that he is now a Chinese citizen.