倒裝倒裝用于表示一定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分。倒裝句可分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。 完全倒裝 完全倒裝是將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部放在主語之前。常用于以下情況: 1. now, then, here, there, out, in, away等副詞位于句首時(shí)。例如: Here is the book you want. 2. 表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語位于句首時(shí)。例如: In front of the door stands a fierce dog. 【注意】在here, there等開頭的句子中,主語為代詞時(shí)不需倒裝。例如: Here you are. 部分倒裝 部分倒裝是將謂語的一部分(如助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等)放在主語之前。常用于以下情況: 1. “only + 副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句等”位于句首時(shí)。例如: Only by working hard can you succeed. 2. never, seldom, little, hardly, nor, neither等含有否定意義的詞位于句首時(shí)。例如: Never before have I seen such a bright moon. 3. not until, not only, no sooner等位于句首時(shí)。例如: Not until Mrs Tian told me the news did I know that Mr Li had left our company. 【注意】 ◆ not until位于句首引出的主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。例如: Not until his sister came back did Jones leave the hospital. ◆hardly (… when …) 或no sooner (…than …)位于句首時(shí),主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。例如: Hardly had I closed the door when I realized that I had left the key at home. ◆ not only … but also …連接兩個(gè)分句,且not only位于句首時(shí),not only后面的分句倒裝,but also后面的分句不倒裝。例如: Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also he was a writer. 4. 讓步狀語從句中,狀語、表語等成分位于連詞as或though之前時(shí)。例如: Clever as my brother is, he doesn’t study hard. 【注意】 若位于as或though前的表語是名詞,則名詞前不加冠詞。例如: Child as Tony is, he has been to many places. 5. so ... that ...和such ... that ...結(jié)構(gòu)中的so和such位于句首時(shí)。例如: So fast did Jim run that no one could catch up with him. 6. 表示前面所說的情況也適合后者,肯定句用“so + 助動(dòng)詞 / be動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 后者”,否定句用“neither / nor + 助動(dòng)詞 / be動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 后者”。例如: a. Li Hua has been to the Great Wall. So have I. b. Lucy doesn’t like to eat meat; neither do I. 【注意】so位于句首,表示贊同對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)或看法,意為“……的確如此”時(shí),不需用倒裝。例如: — I think Tony is a clever boy. — So he is. 7. 以were, had, should等詞開頭的虛擬條件句中(即省略if的虛擬條件句)。例如: Had I known the news, I would have told you. 省略英語中有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),使語言簡練緊湊,在不損害句子結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下,往往省去一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子成分,這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為省略。 簡單句中的省略 1. 簡單句中的省略,在口語中最為常用,可省略主語、謂語、主語和謂語的一部分、賓語等。例如: a. (It) Sounds like a good idea. b. (Is there) Anything else? 2. 并列句或并列結(jié)構(gòu)中同等句子成分的省略 在并列句或并列結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果前后兩部分有同等句子成分,為避免重復(fù),同等句子成分可以在一處省略。例如: a. Mary is tall and (she is) beautiful. b. I can’t decide whether to go to the library or not (to go to the library). 狀語從句中的省略 1. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中,若從句的主語和主句的主語相同且從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞含有be動(dòng)詞,可以省略從句中的主語和be動(dòng)詞。例如: Unless (I am) invited, I will not go to your birthday party. 2. 在if it is possible, when it is necessary等類似結(jié)構(gòu)中,it is常可省略。例如: If (it is) possible, Lisa will do a part-time job. 定語從句中的省略 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that,which等在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語且不位于介詞之后時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可以省略;in which或that在先行詞way后時(shí)可省略。例如: a. Is the book (that / which) you’re reading interesting? b. This is the way (in which / that) your parents love you. 不定式符號(hào)to的省略 1. 在感官動(dòng)詞(see, hear, feel等)和使役動(dòng)詞(have, make, let等)后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to需省略。例如: I saw the boy swim across the river. 【注意】在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,不定式符號(hào)to不能省略。例如: The boy was seen to swim across the river. 2. do nothing but, can’t help but等結(jié)構(gòu)后常接省略to的不定式。例如: When Tina was sad, I did nothing but stay with her. so和not的替代性省略 為避免重復(fù),可用so替代肯定句中的單詞、詞組或句子。not替代否定句中的單詞、詞組或句子。so / not 常與think, hope, expect, suppose, believe, guess等動(dòng)詞連用。例如: — Will it rain tomorrow? — I hope not. |
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