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D． 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 不定式可以在“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”句型中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。在這一句型中，賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 1．在表示感覺的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并且不定式都不帶to。這類動(dòng)詞有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我聽見他們唱歌了。 Did you see him go out 你看見他出去了嗎？ I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。 注意：轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice和watch沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 We saw the car stop. The car was seen to stop. 我們看見這輛車停了下來。 2．在使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不定式不帶to。 這類動(dòng)詞有：make, let, have等。轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其后通常都用帶to的不定式（have沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）。 有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省去了to，這些動(dòng)詞有： 一感二聽三讓四觀看。 一感：feel 二聽：hear, listen to 三讓：let,have,make 四觀看：observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking. 她讓他戒了煙。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就讓他干吧。 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 雖然經(jīng)常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他卻被小妹妹弄哭了。 3．在表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這類動(dòng)詞有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。這類動(dòng)詞后的不定式通常是“to be+形容詞或名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，think, consider, find后的to be?？墒÷?。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好老師。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他證明那個(gè)理論是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好，很誠(chéng)實(shí)。 4．在表示情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這類動(dòng)詞有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打擾他。 I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻煩。 5．動(dòng)詞advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 We don't allow such things to happen again. 我們不容許這種事情再發(fā)生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多數(shù)父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽煙。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她請(qǐng)我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話。 Please remind me to leave her this note. 請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐伊艚o她這張紙條。 She requested him to go with her. 她邀請(qǐng)他一同去。 注意：hope, demand, suggest等動(dòng)詞后面不能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 【誤】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。 【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。 【誤】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì)議。 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì)議。 【誤】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建議她不要獨(dú)自去那里。 6．動(dòng)詞不定式也可作一些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 I'm waiting for James to arrive. 我正等著詹姆斯的到來。 He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一輛汽車去車站接他們。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire. 聯(lián)合國(guó)號(hào)召交戰(zhàn)雙方遵守?；饏f(xié)定。 必背： 這些帶介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有： call on 號(hào)召 arrange for 安排 long for 盼望 wait for 等待 depend on 依靠 rely on 指望 E． 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，和被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系和修飾關(guān)系。 1．主謂關(guān)系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我們的未來會(huì)十分美好的。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)離開。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火車是從紐約開來的。 2．動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他總是有許多信要寫 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老師給我們留了許多道題要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意：由于動(dòng)詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一個(gè)孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。 He has no friend to depend on. 他沒有可依靠的朋友。 I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有許多事情要處理。 3．同位關(guān)系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。 I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。 4．修飾關(guān)系 Now it is time to begin our class. 現(xiàn)在是上課的時(shí)間了。 I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一個(gè)地方打個(gè)盹。 Is that the way to open the can 那就是打開罐頭的方法嗎？ F．動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 1．表示目的 I'm saving up to buy a computer. 我在存錢買電腦。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 為了救那個(gè)孩子，他獻(xiàn)出了生命。 注意：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出這種目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do結(jié)構(gòu)（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 為了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又揮手。 I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的電話號(hào)碼記下來，以防忘記。 2．表示結(jié)果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他趕到車站，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我說了什么話使你氣成這樣？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散會(huì)后，他們分手了，從此再也沒有見面。 必背：不定式表示結(jié)果常見于下列句型。 1） so ... as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行車借給我好嗎？ 2） such ... as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我們還沒蠢到竟會(huì)相信他。 3） enough to do He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快, 沒趕上火車。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石頭砸自己的腳。 5） too ... to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的視力太差了，不能看這么小的字。 注意：too...to...結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，動(dòng)詞不定式不表示結(jié)果，也沒有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那個(gè)男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理書。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。 3．表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我當(dāng)時(shí)不聽你的話，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他處于這么困難的情形，她哭了。 4．表示條件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一個(gè)人如果看不到這點(diǎn)，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 這么晚才動(dòng)身，你怎么能趕上火車？ 三、 動(dòng)詞不定式的幾種常見結(jié)構(gòu) A． 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)（即不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）通常是句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)一般用“for + 名詞（代詞）+ 不定式”來構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。 This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 這個(gè)箱子讓這個(gè)小男孩來搬太重了。 That's for you to decide. 那個(gè)由你來決定。 He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。 I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書送給你讀。 B．be + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) “be + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常有以下兩種情況： 1．表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 這房間要上鎖。 You are not to stand here. 你不能站在這里。 2．表示計(jì)劃或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我們安排下一個(gè)月開始這項(xiàng)工作。 What's to be done next 下一步該怎么辦？ C．疑問詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，它在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。 I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去開會(huì)。 The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers. 問題是如何處理乘客們丟棄的垃圾。 When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何時(shí)參觀故宮博物院還沒有決定。 D．with without + 名詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) “with without + 名詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中通常起狀語(yǔ)的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. 有這么多工作要做，我不能和你去看電影了。 With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. 有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。 Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于沒有東西吃，他餓死了。 E．It is + 形容詞 + for of sb + to do 結(jié)構(gòu) 在“It is +形容詞+ of sb +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is +形容詞+for sb +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞通常表示事物的性質(zhì)，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 It's kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.) How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! 他真不小心，把如此貴重的花瓶打破了。 It is easy for me to see through his trick. 我很容易看穿他的鬼把戲。(=For me to see through his trick is easy.) It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. 他很難改掉自己的壞習(xí)慣。 比較： It is good lf you to help me with my English. 你真好，幫助我學(xué)英語(yǔ)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)you 的特征＝Y(jié)ou are good to help me.） It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒煙對(duì)你有好處。（強(qiáng)調(diào)的是give up smoking 這一行為＝Fof you to give up smoking is good.） |
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