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since的四種用法(***) 1）since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。 2）since +一段時間+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個月了。 3）since +從句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。 4）It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 歷年真題： 1. He has ____ the army for ten years and now is an officer. A.gone into B.joined in C.been in D.come into 答案：C.(其余三組動詞均為瞬間動詞，不能和段時間連用。) 2. You don't have to describe her. I _____ her several times. A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案：B. 6.現(xiàn)在完成進行時：謂語動詞構(gòu)成：主語 + has/have been doing (一）表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國有2000年的造紙歷史。（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） I have been learning English since three years ago. 自從三年前以來我一直在學英語。（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） (二）表示在說話時刻之前剛剛結(jié)束的動作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經(jīng)等你半個鐘頭了。（動作不再繼續(xù)下去） (三）有些現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。 They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他們在這個城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。 I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在這里已經(jīng)工作兩年了。 (四）大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。 I have been writing a book.（動作還將繼續(xù)下去） 我一直在寫一本書。 I have written a book.（動作已經(jīng)完成） 我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。 They have been building a bridge. 他們一直在造一座橋。 They have built a bridge. 他們造了一座橋。 (五）表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 I have known him for years. 我認識他已經(jīng)好幾年了。 這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡，hate討厭，等。 歷年真題： I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer. A.was knocking B.am knocking C.knocking D.have been knocking. 答案:D。 因為該句是說到目前為止已經(jīng)敲了10分鐘了，但沒人應答。動作一直持續(xù)十分鐘。因此完成進行時態(tài)是最合適的。 7. 過去完成時 1）概念：表示過去的過去 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。 2）用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。 b.在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。 c.表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示'原本…，未能…'。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。 d. 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。 By the time he was twelve, Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 e.過去完成時常常用在含有：no sooner...Than, hardly/scarcely/barely...When等表示“一。。。就。。?！苯Y(jié)構(gòu)的句子中，句子常考查倒裝這種語法項目。 如：I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。 也可表示成：Hardly had I opened the door when I he hit me. 也可表示成：No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it. 典型例題 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B.were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案:D.'把書忘在辦公室'發(fā)生在'去取書'這一過去的動作之前，因此'忘了書'這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在'同學們正忙于……'這一背景下，when所引導的動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。 歷年真題： 1. When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she ____ two days before. A.has left B.was leaving C.would leave D.had left 答案：D。 句子意思是：上周當我去看望 2. About the sixth century A.D.when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper. A.invented B.had invented C.have invented D.had been invented 答案:B。 3. No sooner had we sat down ____ we found it was time to go. A.than B.when C.as D.while 答案:A。 4. The chemistry class ____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A.had been B.was on C.has been on D.would be on 答案：A。
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