破解高考英語閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句的方法

    高考英語閱讀理解的文章大都選自英語原版材料，文中含有一些長(zhǎng)難句，比較難以理解，對(duì)做題會(huì)有影響。沒關(guān)系，看看突破高考英語閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的5大招，再瞅瞅歷年高考長(zhǎng)難句精析，10分鐘就能教你搞定高考英語中的那些長(zhǎng)難句。

    英語句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個(gè)主要原因是句子太長(zhǎng)或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。句子過長(zhǎng)或者復(fù)雜通常是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長(zhǎng)的非謂語動(dòng)詞短語等等。下面我們來談?wù)剮追N英語閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的處理方法。

    方法1：找謂語，定主語            

    一般情況下，一個(gè)謂語形式的動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(主語)，我們可以根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語形式的動(dòng)詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句(并列謂語動(dòng)詞的情況除外)。如：

    People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.

    【句意】二十一年來，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人們擔(dān)心削弱這一禁令會(huì)助長(zhǎng)非法捕獵，導(dǎo)致大象數(shù)量減少。

    【分析】that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是encourage和hurt，根據(jù)邏輯意義，可知encourage和hurt 的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。

    方法2：提主干，去枝葉(從句、狀語和定語等)            

    一般情況下，一個(gè)句子中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息，從句、狀語和定語等所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：

    Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.

    【句意】來自薩塞克斯大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們分析了國家青少年健康縱向研究的研究結(jié)果，這項(xiàng)研究是一個(gè)歷時(shí)15年的課題，它記錄了數(shù)千名在美國20世紀(jì)90年代中期上中學(xué)的一組青少年的財(cái)產(chǎn)情況。

    【分析】句子主干為Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists的定語；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定語；a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health的同位語；charting...作project 的定語；who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾teenagers。

    方法3：尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯            

    一些長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長(zhǎng)句就容易對(duì)付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對(duì)英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。如：

    Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.

    【句意】你與教授相處是否融洽對(duì)你的自身發(fā)展起著重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@是衡量你是否尊重權(quán)威和服從要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

    【分析】此句為復(fù)合句，句中whether引導(dǎo)主語從句，as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，how well 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞of 的賓語。

    方法4：看搭配，防分隔            

    有時(shí)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或難句是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對(duì)句意的理解就會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。如：

    Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.

    【句意】一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說，當(dāng)作他們的賣點(diǎn)，并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。

    【分析】其實(shí)本句是一個(gè)"主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語"句型"make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)"，即"使……成為……"，只不過賓語和賓補(bǔ)被"to some degree"隔開而已。

    方法5：關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索            

    有時(shí)某些句子句意模糊，讓人理不清頭緒，這時(shí)只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意。

    Miss Dermain’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.

    【句意】Dermain的媽媽在整個(gè)婚禮顯得很焦慮，據(jù)說Cordell 的父母的情緒也不是很高漲。

    總之，在碰到長(zhǎng)句和難句時(shí)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法，在平時(shí)閱讀過程中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時(shí)要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：

    The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.

    【句意】一種文化背景下的人不像另一種文化背景下的人一樣直率地表達(dá)他們的情感，這一事實(shí)并不意味著他們沒有這些情感。

    【分析】本句的主干為The fact does not mean that...，其中，that they do not experience emotions是從句作mean的賓語。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another為fact的同位語從句，其中as do members of another是狀語從句，助動(dòng)詞do位于主語members of another 前形成倒裝，主語后省略了express their emotions。

★2016—2013年高考英語真題閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句精析21句

    1. 2016·全國卷I·B篇

    Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

    【分析】but前面是第一分句，but后面是第二分句。動(dòng)名詞短語Having your grandchildren far away是第一分句的主語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語especially knowing your adult child is struggling是第一分句中的狀語；動(dòng)名詞短語giving up the life you know是第二分句的主語，you know是定語從句，修飾先行詞the life。

    【譯文】與孩子們距離遠(yuǎn)是痛苦的，尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艱難，但是放棄你熟悉的生活可能會(huì)更艱難。

    2. 2016·全國卷I·C篇

    For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.

    【分析】For this courier job是介詞短語，在句中作狀語；that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是賓語從句，in that box是賓語從句中的地點(diǎn)狀語，you’ve got something是賓語從句中的主謂賓；that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是定語從句，修飾前面的something。

    【譯文】對(duì)于這份傳遞員的工作而言，你會(huì)自覺地意識(shí)到你手中的那個(gè)箱子裝著可能挽救某人生命的東西。

    3. 2016·全國卷I·D篇

    Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.

    【分析】when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops是時(shí)間狀語從句，what may be implied是主語從句，what在主語從句中作主語，that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing是表語從句，表語從句中含有賓語從句what has been said before continuing，what在賓語從句中作主語。

    【譯文】所以當(dāng)一個(gè)來自這些文化之一的人在講話時(shí)突然停住了，可能那個(gè)人是在繼續(xù)(講話)之前暗示聽眾去思考他之前說了什么。

    4. 2016·全國卷II·B篇

    His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.

    【分析】句中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾an unexpected teaching assistant。

    【譯文】他的存在意味著我在班級(jí)有一位意想不到的教學(xué)助手，并且他的創(chuàng)造力會(huì)感染其他的學(xué)生。

    5. 2016·全國卷II·C篇

    Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.

    【分析】句中現(xiàn)在分詞短語hoping that...在句中作狀語，且其中的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且從句中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語traveling...在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，而who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾each new reader。

    【譯文】然后，這個(gè)人把它放在一個(gè)公共場(chǎng)所，希望這本書會(huì)經(jīng)歷一次冒險(xiǎn)，與發(fā)現(xiàn)它的每一位新讀者到處旅行。

    6. 2016·全國卷III·A篇

    CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.

    【分析】本句為一個(gè)含有較長(zhǎng)介詞短語的簡(jiǎn)單句，including至句末為介詞短語，performances后的"by..."是介詞短語作后置定語，presenting Baroque through modern music為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作名詞的后置定語。

    【譯文】CCM組織了多樣的活動(dòng)，包括知名的LaSalle四重奏樂團(tuán)和CCM愛樂管弦樂團(tuán)的演出，還有各種代表巴羅克風(fēng)格到現(xiàn)代音樂的音樂家團(tuán)體所進(jìn)行的演出。

    7. 2016·全國卷III·B篇

    Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚).

    【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，逗號(hào)前為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，定語從句"that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚)"在句中修飾先行詞the turn of events.

    【譯文】在返回市區(qū)賓館的途中，韋爾蒂的大都市的朋友們驚訝于他們活動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，他們的聚會(huì)早已由紐約式的宴會(huì)變成了密西西比人的地方性團(tuán)聚。

    8. 2016·全國卷III·B篇

    Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.

    【分析】句中的"Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"與"Welty’s people"構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，三個(gè)from介詞短語與come連用，表明小說中人物角色來源的多面性。

    【譯文】Welty小說中的角色——美容師、酒吧招待、鋼琴演奏者及那些戴著紫色帽子的人——源自于她與老朋友共度的下午，源自于她在土生土長(zhǎng)的密西西比州杰克遜城的大街小巷散步的過程中，還源自于她在公交車上無意間聽到的閑談。

    9. 2016·全國卷III·C篇

    To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

    【分析】本句主干為it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，句中不定式短語作真正的主語，it為形式主語；該句前面為介詞短語To people，而people后又接了一個(gè)定語從句，該句后面為such as短語，用于舉例。

    【譯文】對(duì)于那些已習(xí)慣了選擇超市里有限的蘋果種類如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人來說，目睹Decio這種過去由羅馬人種植的傳統(tǒng)蘋果品種如今依然存在可能會(huì)令他們大開眼界。

    10. 2016·全國卷III·D篇

    Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.

    【分析】本句為連詞but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句，第一個(gè)分句為含有一個(gè)賓語從句的復(fù)合句，主句的主語是Researchers，其后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語analyzing word-of-mouth communication作定語，謂語是found，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；第二個(gè)分句也是一個(gè)含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句。

    【譯文】分析口述交際如電子郵件、網(wǎng)帖、評(píng)論和面談的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，它傾向于更積極而不是消極(的內(nèi)容)，但這并不一定意味著人們更偏愛積極的消息。

    11. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷I·B篇

    These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.

    【分析】破折號(hào)后面的句子對(duì)前句進(jìn)行解釋。破折號(hào)后為主從復(fù)合句。主句I realized 后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在賓語從句中含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞things。

    【譯文】這些都是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的瓜果蔬菜——就在那一刻，我意識(shí)到，薩拉索塔的冬天最美妙之處在于可以吃到新鮮的瓜果蔬菜，而我一旦回到紐約的家中，連續(xù)幾個(gè)月都無法品嘗到這些瓜果蔬菜。

    12. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·A篇

    I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.

    【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。連詞because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，同時(shí)該從句又包含了一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞clothes。

    【譯文】我能夠在一年多前買下它(電視機(jī))是因?yàn)槲易屛业挠H戚們?cè)谖疑諘r(shí)給我錢而不是買大量不合身的衣服。

    13. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·B篇

    Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food.

    【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。for為并列連詞，表示原因，when在句中引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。

    【譯文】昏暗的環(huán)境更有可能刺激人們暴飲暴食，因?yàn)樵谶@種光線暗淡的地方人們往往會(huì)不那么難為情，所以就更有可能吃大量的食物。

    14. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·C篇

    The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.

    【分析】主語是The gap-year phenomenon，謂語是originated，后面是介詞短語作狀語。

    【譯文】間隔年現(xiàn)象起源于牛橋申請(qǐng)者在十一月入學(xué)考試和下一個(gè)學(xué)年開始前的這幾個(gè)月。

    15. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·D篇

    Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宮) where it is easy to get lost!

    【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。定語從句which include the famous maze修飾先行詞historic gardens，定語從句where it is easy to get lost修飾先行詞maze。

    【譯文】(你可以)參觀宮殿和各種(皇家)歷史花園，花園中有著名的迷宮，在那里(游客)容易迷失方向！

    16. 2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·A篇

    He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.

    【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。lost and lonely in a strange city做伴隨狀語；thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country是現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語；while trying to settle down in a new one是狀語從句的省略。

    【譯文】他向警方報(bào)案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤單，想想從一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的國家把那么多文件重新整理一遍會(huì)有多大麻煩，而自己還要試圖在一個(gè)新的國度安家。

    17. 2014·新課標(biāo)全國卷II·B篇

    We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.

    【分析】這是直接引語。引語部分含有主從復(fù)合句，there even was an environment是賓語從句，let alone that there was a problem with it是平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

    【譯文】美國地球日主席Bruce Anderson說，“那時(shí)候我們根本就不知道環(huán)境，更不用說知道環(huán)境有問題了?！?/font>