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外刊賞讀| 《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》Thanks, Albert

 pandorex 2016-09-11



本文節(jié)選自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》一篇名為 “Thanks, Albert” (謝謝你,阿爾伯特)的文章。本文寫于愛因斯坦的廣義相對論發(fā)表一百周年之際,概括了其給世界帶來的深刻改變。作為一篇天文類科普文章,本文深入淺出地闡釋了廣義相對論的成就。讀者可以了解天文物理知識,也可以積累天文學(xué)物理學(xué)常見詞匯。



原文

I.①Most scientific findings are sedimentary, slowly building upon the edifice of understanding. ②Rare is the idea that marks a fundamental change to a system of thought, forcing the rest of science to bend to its own vision. ③However, on November 25th 1915 Albert Einstein published a theory that did just that. ④The ten equations of his general theory of relativity set out a new concept of gravity—as the warping of the fabric of space and time in the presence of mass.


II.①The world has much to thank Einstein for. ②Because of him, scientists think of space as relative: what you measure depends on your vantage point, and on what mass is around you. ③An understanding of gravity’s most subtle effects informs both the exalted and the everyday.④Relativity permitted the New Horizons mission this year to steer a space probe through a 150km-wide “keyhole” near Pluto. ⑤A more quotidian example of the extraordinary precision of relativity comes from satellite-navigation systems. ⑥Einstein’s theory shows that satellites experience an ever-so-slightly different stretching of space-time in orbit than people do on the surface of the Earth—so the positional data streamed to smartphone users, and the time-stamps used for transactions in industries from banking to energy, must take in relativistic adjustments.


III.①The theory has yielded odd surprises. ②It predicted, and then helped explain, the black holes that have captured public imagination. ③Efforts to join relativity with quantum mechanics, in a field called string theory, are shedding light on science that is wholly unconnected to the heavens, including materials that conduct electricity without resistance and new kinds of information processing.


IV.①Relativity’s most overlooked triumph, though, has been to reframe the sorts of questions that stargazers ask. ②After the invention of telescopes in the early 17th century, astronomy concerned itself chiefly with discrete objects in the cosmos. ③But the implications of stretchy space-time quickly raised bigger questions: by the 1970s, relativity had become integral to describing the Big Bang. ④Not since Johannes Kepler’s “Mysterium Cosmographicum”, a 16th-century attempt to reveal the structure of the cosmos, were thinkers so inspired to consider the universe as a whole: its organising principles, its ultimate origins and what makes it tick.


V.①The restoration of this inquiry was not simply a matter of philosophy.②General relativity came with its own experimental checks, some of which took decades to carry out. ③As it has passed these tests, relativity has set the stage for what is known as “precision cosmology”.④Exceptionally detailed theory lined up with ever-better observational data to furnish predictions about physical phenomena far away both in space and in time.


VI. ①That is an astonishing leap in perspective from just ten equations.②Einstein’s theory, and the intervening century of experimentation, provided a way to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings: to understand what is out there in the universe, how it all began and humanity’s place in it.


詞匯短語

1.*sedimentary  [sed?'mentr?] a. 沉淀的

2.*edifice  ['ed?f?s] n. 大廈

3.*warping   ['w??p??] n.  翹曲

4.*vantage point  ['vɑ?nt?d?] n. 有利位置

5.*exalted  [?g'z??lt?d] a. 崇高的

6.*quotidian  [kw?'t?d??n] a. 平日的

7.probe  [pr??b] n. 探測器

8.*quantum mechanics  ['kw?nt?m] [m?'k?n?ks] n. 量子力學(xué)

9. conduct  ['k?nd?kt] v. [僻]導(dǎo)電

10.*discrete   [d?'skri?t] a. 離散的

11.integral   [??nt?ɡr?l] a. 必須的

12.tick  [t?k] v. [僻]運轉(zhuǎn)

13.line up with  v. 與…對齊

14.furnish  ['f??n??] v.  提供

15.intervening  [,?nt?'vin??] a. 介于中間的。派生自intervene  [?nt?'vi?n] v. 插入,干預(yù)

(注:標(biāo)“*”的為超綱詞匯)



點評

I.①Most scientific findings are sedimentary, slowly building upon the edifice of understanding. ②Rare is the idea that marks a fundamental change to a system of thought, forcing the rest of science to bend to its own vision. ③However, on November 25th 1915 Albert Einstein published a theory that did just that. ④The ten equations of his general theory of relativity set out a new concept of gravity—as the warping of the fabric of space and time in the presence of mass.

翻譯:大多數(shù)的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)都是日積月累的,慢慢建立在人類知識的大廈之上。鮮有某種科學(xué)觀點標(biāo)志著一種思想體系的根本性轉(zhuǎn)變,迫使其他科學(xué)屈從于自己的構(gòu)想。然而,愛因斯坦在1915年11月25日發(fā)表的一種理論就實現(xiàn)了這一點。他的廣義相對論的十個方程重新定義了重力——在質(zhì)量的作用下對時空結(jié)構(gòu)的扭曲。

點評I段借其與眾不同之處引出愛因斯坦的相對論及其深遠(yuǎn)影響。①②句運用對比,指出大多數(shù)的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是基于前人成果(sedimentary),鮮有徹底推翻前人思想體系(a fundamental change to a system of thought)的科學(xué)研究。③句話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),引出廣義相對論就有這樣深刻的影響。④句概括廣義相對論的核心——a new concept of gravity并在破折號后通俗地解釋其含義。注意,這是一篇科普文章,這就要求本文既要包含專業(yè)的天文術(shù)語,又要對其進(jìn)行通俗易懂的解釋。


II.①The world has much to thank Einstein for. ②Because of him, scientists think of space as relative: what you measure depends on your vantage point, and on what mass is around you. ③An understanding of gravity’s most subtle effects informs both the exalted and the everyday.④Relativity permitted the New Horizons mission this year to steer a space probethrough a 150km-wide “keyhole” near Pluto. ⑤A more quotidian example of the extraordinary precision of relativity comes from satellite-navigation systems. ⑥Einstein’s theory shows that satellites experience an ever-so-slightly different stretching of space-time in orbit than people do on the surface of the Earth—so the positional data streamed to smartphone users, and the time-stamps used for transactions in industries from banking to energy, must take in relativistic adjustments.

翻譯:世界上很多改變都應(yīng)該感謝愛因斯坦。他使科學(xué)家認(rèn)為空間是相對的:你測量的結(jié)果取決于你的有利位置以及你周圍的質(zhì)量。對于重力最微妙的影響的理解既啟發(fā)了高端的科研工作也啟發(fā)了日常的科技產(chǎn)品。相對論使得今年的“新視野”計劃能夠通過冥王星附近綿延150公里的“重力鎖眼” 控制一個太空探測器。極其精密的相對論還可以應(yīng)用于日常生活,如在衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用。愛因斯坦的理論表明,衛(wèi)星在運行軌道上經(jīng)歷的時空比人們在地球表面經(jīng)歷的有著極其輕微的延展——使得傳輸給智能手機(jī)用戶的位置數(shù)據(jù)以及銀行和能源等行業(yè)所使用的交易時間戳都必須進(jìn)行相對性的調(diào)整。

點評:II段以“總——分”結(jié)構(gòu)具體闡釋廣義相對論的深遠(yuǎn)影響。①句照應(yīng)文章標(biāo)題“Thanks, Albert”講世界上很多改變都要歸功于愛因斯坦。②③句概述其影響——使科學(xué)家認(rèn)為空間是相對的,對科學(xué)研究和日??萍级加袉l(fā)。④⑤⑥句以實例證明了廣義相對論在“高端科研工作”和“日??萍籍a(chǎn)品”兩大方面的應(yīng)用。


III.①The theory has yielded odd surprises. ②It predicted, and then helped explain, the black holes that have captured public imagination. ③Efforts to join relativity with quantum mechanics, in a field called string theory, are shedding light on science that is wholly unconnected to the heavens, including materials thatconduct electricity without resistance and new kinds of information processing.

翻譯:這一理論還帶來了奇特的驚喜。相對論預(yù)測并幫助解釋了吸引公眾想象力的黑洞。弦論領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家努力將相對論與量子力學(xué)相結(jié)合,以闡明與天文學(xué)完全無關(guān)的科學(xué),包括無電阻導(dǎo)電材料和新的信息處理技術(shù)。

點評:III段補充廣義相對論出人意料的影響。①句以odd surprises概括全段。②③句例證①句:其中②句講黑洞的預(yù)測和解釋都依靠廣義相對論,吸引公眾想象力的黑洞是為一個surprise;③句講量子力學(xué)與廣義相對論結(jié)合產(chǎn)生了與天文毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的成果,是為另一個surprise,足以顯示廣義相對論的影響深遠(yuǎn)。


IV.①Relativity’s most overlooked triumph, though, has been to reframe the sorts of questions that stargazers ask. ②After the invention of telescopes in the early 17th century, astronomy concerned itself chiefly with discrete objects in the cosmos. ③But the implications of stretchy space-time quickly raised bigger questions: by the 1970s, relativity had become integral to describing the Big Bang. ④Not since Johannes Kepler’s “Mysterium Cosmographicum”, a 16th-century attempt to reveal the structure of the cosmos, were thinkers so inspired to consider the universe as a whole: its organising principles, its ultimate origins and what makes it tick.

翻譯:然而,相對論最易被人們忽視的成就是它重構(gòu)了觀星者探究的問題。17世紀(jì)初人類發(fā)明望遠(yuǎn)鏡之后,天文學(xué)開始主要關(guān)注宇宙中散落著的星體。但延展的時空的含義很快就引出了更宏觀的問題:到20世紀(jì)80年代,相對論在闡釋宇宙大爆炸理論時已經(jīng)不可或缺。在16世紀(jì)約翰尼斯·開普勒試圖揭示宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)的《宇宙的秘密》之后,還沒有哪一理論能在如此大的程度上啟發(fā)思想家們將宇宙看作一個整體:思考其組織原理、最初起源及運行動力。

點評:IV段介紹廣義相對論最容易讓人忽視的成就——重構(gòu)(reframe)了人們思考宇宙的方式。①句概括全段,以most overlooked triumph引出下文。②句追溯歷史,介紹人們過去思考宇宙的方式——關(guān)注宇宙中的分散天體(discrete objects in the cosmos)。③句轉(zhuǎn)而講相對論對大爆炸理論的啟發(fā)和解釋,暗示人們受其影響開始將宇宙看作一個整體去研究。④句將廣義相對論與開普勒的著作《宇宙的秘密》相比,明確指出其對人們思維方式的重大啟發(fā)——將宇宙看作一個整體(consider the universe as a whole)。


V.①The restoration of this inquiry was not simply a matter of philosophy.②General relativity came with its own experimental checks, some of which took decades to carry out. ③As it has passed these tests, relativity has set the stage for what is known as “precision cosmology”.④Exceptionally detailed theory lined up with ever-better observational data tofurnish predictions about physical phenomena far away both in space and in time.

翻譯:這種探究的恢復(fù)不僅僅是哲學(xué)命題。廣義相對論是伴隨著對它的實驗驗證一起到來的,其中一些實驗花費了幾十年時間。因為已經(jīng)通過了這些驗證,相對論為所謂的“精確宇宙學(xué)”搭建了舞臺。詳盡的理論加上日益完善的觀察數(shù)據(jù),預(yù)測了在遙遠(yuǎn)的空間和時間之外的物理現(xiàn)象。

點評:V段以實驗結(jié)果證明IV段,說明廣義相對論并不只是一種模糊的定性哲學(xué),而是經(jīng)過實驗驗證的精確理論。①句以否定形式not simply a matter of philosophy引出下文。②③句介紹廣義相對論經(jīng)受住了實驗的驗證,并為“精確宇宙學(xué)”(precision cosmology)做了準(zhǔn)備,證明①句,說明廣義相對論不僅僅是模糊的定性哲學(xué),而是精確的定量理論。④句介紹廣義相對論在精確學(xué)科中的應(yīng)用,再次證明①句。


VI. ①That is an astonishing leap in perspective from just ten equations.②Einstein’s theory, and the intervening century of experimentation, provided a way to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings: to understand what is out there in the universe, how it all began and humanity’s place in it.

翻譯:這是僅僅始于十個方程的視角上的驚人飛躍。愛因斯坦的理論及其之后一百年的實驗過程提供了一種方式來滿足人類一種最基本的渴望:理解宇宙中發(fā)生了什么、這一切是如何開始的以及人類在其中的位置。

點評:VI段收束全文,概括廣義相對論以及由此生發(fā)的科研成果的重要意義。①句高度贊揚一百年間人們從廣義相對論出發(fā),經(jīng)過不懈努力所取得的成果是an astonishing leap。②句解釋①句,廣義相對論以及由此生發(fā)的科研成果對全人類的重大意義——滿足人類探索宇宙的基本渴求(to satisfy one of the most fundamental yearnings)。







2017真題同源外刊賞讀第 140

張劍考研英語黃皮書

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