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Latin America and Edward Snowden 拉丁美洲和史諾登 South Americans in glasshouses 南美國家做賊喊抓賊  Jul 22nd 2013, 11:06 by H.C., P.G. and M.R. | BUENOS AIRES, CARACAS AND LONDON FIRST came the clumsy actions by several European countries that denied airspace to the official jet of Bolivia’s president, Evo Morales, stranding him in Vienna for 14 hours earlier this month while the plane was searched (fruitlessly) for Edward Snowden, the fugitive American intelligence contractor. Then came revelations in O Globo, a Brazilian newspaper, that according to documents supplied by Mr Snowden, the United States has engaged in spying and surveillance operations against many Latin American countries, especially Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela. The monitoring of internet and telephone communications, it was claimed, was motivated not just by concerns about security issues such as drug-trafficking, but also the search for commercial information, such as details about the oil industry in Mexico and Venezuela. 首先是幾個歐洲國家採取笨拙行動，拒絕讓玻利維亞總統(tǒng)莫拉勒斯（Evo Morales）的專機飛越領(lǐng)空，本月初讓他停留在維也納長達十四小時，搜查逃亡的美國中央情報局外包技術(shù)人員史諾登（Edward Snowden）是否藏身（結(jié)果證實一場烏龍）。接下來，巴西報紙《O Globo》披露，根據(jù)史諾登提供的文件，美國針對很多拉美國家從事間諜和監(jiān)控活動，尤其是巴西、哥倫比亞、墨西哥和委內(nèi)瑞拉。監(jiān)控網(wǎng)路和電話通訊，聲稱 美國方面的動機不只是在關(guān)切毒品交易等治安問題，還包括搜尋商業(yè)資訊，例如墨西哥和委內(nèi)瑞拉的石油業(yè)詳細情況。 While reaction in Europe to similar news has been fairly muted—outside Germany at least—Latin America’s left-wing presidents have seethed with indignation. At a summit of the Mercosur trade block on July 12th, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff declared that “any act of espionage that violates human rights, above all the basic right to privacy, and undermines the sovereignty of nations, deserves to be condemned by any country that calls itself democratic.” Cristina Fernández, her Argentine counterpart, complained of “new forms of colonialism”. The Mercosur leaders said they would withdrew their ambassadors from several European countries. Brazil’s government said it would ask the United Nations to take steps to protect the privacy of electronic communications. 雖然歐洲對於類似新聞的反應(yīng)一直相當(dāng)克制——至少德國除外——但拉美左派總統(tǒng)早已義憤填膺，同仇敵愾。七月十二日南方共同市場（Mercosur）高峰 會，巴西總統(tǒng)羅瑟芙宣佈「任何違犯人權(quán)，尤其基本的隱私權(quán)，並破壞國家主權(quán)的間諜行為，應(yīng)當(dāng)受到任何自稱民主國家的譴責(zé)」。阿根廷總統(tǒng)克莉絲蒂娜抱怨這是 「新形式的殖民主義」，Mercosur各國元首表示他們將召回派駐這些歐洲國家的大使。巴西政府表示，將要求聯(lián)合國採取措施保護電子通訊的隱私。 Certainly Mr Morales’s treatment was humiliating, smacked of colonial arrogance and provoked widespread condemnation across the region, even from those who might not share the description by Bolivia’s vice-president, álvaro García Linera, that his boss had been “kidnapped by imperialism”. José Miguel Insulza, the secretary-general of the Organisation of American States, expressed “great indignation and immense solidarity” for the “serious offence to a democratic president”. 當(dāng)然，對待莫拉勒斯的方式簡直是羞辱、充滿殖民帝國傲慢，並在整個拉美地區(qū)引起一片譴責(zé)，甚至不贊同玻利維亞副總統(tǒng)álvaro García Linera說法（自己的老闆曾遭「帝國主義綁架」）者也加入譴責(zé)行列。美洲國家組織（OAS）秘書長José Miguel Insulza，這是「對於一位民選總統(tǒng)的嚴重冒犯」，他要表達「最大的氣憤並展現(xiàn)無限的團結(jié)」。 Even so, it is striking that just about the only governments around the world that have shown official sympathy for Mr Snowden are in Latin America. In some cases, that seems to owe more to anti-Americanism than to a genuine passion for freedom of expression or objection to state surveillance. 即使如此，很明顯的全球各地展現(xiàn)同情史諾登的政府卻僅限於拉丁美洲。其中有些個案，似乎更多歸因於反美情結(jié)，而非真誠熱愛言論自由或反對政府監(jiān)控。 Behind the rhetoric of indignation lies both caution and hypocrisy. Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela have all said they would at least consider offering Mr Snowden asylum. But with the possible exception of Bolivia, a country whose economy has relatively few ties to the outside world, it is doubtful whether any Latin American government really wants to provoke the anger of the United States by harbouring Mr Snowden. Brazil’s Ms Rousseff is due to make a long-awaited state visit to Washington in October. Cuba’s Raúl Castro this month expressed his solidarity with the complaints of Mr Morales and others, but notably did not offer asylum to Mr Snowden. Mr Castro has shown recent signs of wanting a more pragmatic relationship with the United States. His government has ambitious plans for a free-trade zone at Mariel and a cruise terminal in the port of Havana which appear to be predicated on the possible easing of the American economic embargo against the island sometime in the next few years. 在慷慨激昂的言論背後藏有謹慎和偽善。玻利維亞、尼加拉瓜和委內(nèi)瑞拉皆已表達至少考慮提供史諾登政治庇護。但是由於玻利維亞可能退出，玻國經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)相對較 少仰賴拉美以外各國，任何拉美國家是否存心想要藉由庇護史諾登激起美國的憤怒仍令人存疑。巴西總統(tǒng)羅瑟芙將要在今年十月前往美國華府，進行等待已久的國是 訪問。古巴的小卡斯楚（Raúl Castro）本月份表達他完全與莫拉勒斯等人的抱怨站在一起，但特別聲明不會提供史諾登庇護。最近已有跡象顯示，小卡斯楚想要與美國發(fā)展一種更務(wù)實的關(guān) 係。他的政府現(xiàn)在充滿了企圖心，打算在Mariel建立自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，並在哈瓦那港興建觀光遊艇碼頭，看起來可以斷定今後幾年美國過去經(jīng)濟制裁古巴的措施可 能鬆綁。 Even Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro might be quietly relieved if Mr Snowden decided to stay in Russia, where last week he temporarily sought asylum. Mr Maduro cannot afford to be seen to be any less of an “anti-imperialist” than the late Hugo Chávez, his mentor; he has not yet established his authority over the chavista movement. “We would almost certainly grant asylum” to Mr Snowden, he said. But only days after he narrowly won an election in April, Mr Maduro took steps to mend his country’s relations with the United States. He appointed Calixto Ortega, a moderate with good contacts in the United States, as chargé d’affaires at Venezuela’s embassy in Washington. Last month, Venezuela’s foreign minister met John Kerry, the US secretary of state; they agreed to pursue relations based on “mutual respect” and to move rapidly towards an exchange of ambassadors. 假若史諾登決定留在俄羅斯，上週他臨時在俄羅斯尋求庇護，委內(nèi)瑞拉總統(tǒng)馬杜洛甚至可能暗地鬆了一口氣。馬杜洛在「反帝國主義」陣營內(nèi)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力也不能與前 總統(tǒng)查維茲同日而語；他尚未在「查家軍」集團樹立自己的威信。他表示，「我們幾乎一定會同意庇護」史諾登。但馬杜洛在今年四月補選險勝後才隔幾天，他立即 採取措施修補委內(nèi)瑞拉與美國的外交關(guān)係。他任命與美國關(guān)係友好的Calixto Ortega出任委內(nèi)瑞拉駐美大使館代辦。上個月，委內(nèi)瑞拉外交部長會晤美國國務(wù)卿克里，雙方同意基於「相互尊重」原則發(fā)展關(guān)係，迅速朝向兩國互派大使的 等級。 Whatever their protestations, most Latin American governments engage in the practices that they are complaining about the United States deploying. Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks who has been a guest at the Ecuadorean embassy in London for more than a year, recently accused Argentina of having the “most aggressive surveillance regime in Latin America.” Brazil’s intelligence agency was recently embarrassed by media revelations that it had sent two agents to spy on Eduardo Campos, a potential opponent of Ms Rousseff in next year’s presidential election. Just about every political scandal in Brazil—and there are many—involves unauthorised phone-tapping. 大多數(shù)拉美國家政府無論進行任何抗議，他們都會按照慣例抱怨美國在暗中搞鬼。維基解密（WikiLeaks）創(chuàng)始人亞桑奇（Julian Assange）已經(jīng)在厄瓜多駐倫敦大使館做客超過一年，他最近發(fā)言指控阿根廷是「拉丁美洲最積極進行監(jiān)控的政體」。巴西情報局最近因媒體揭發(fā)而出糗，情 報局曾派兩名幹員臥底監(jiān)控康波斯（Eduardo Campos），明年總統(tǒng)大選羅瑟芙的可能對手。巴西——還有其他國家——幾乎每一件政治醜聞皆牽涉未授權(quán)的電話竊聽。 Venezuela’s government makes a practice of illegally bugging its opponents. Even as Mr Maduro was praising Mr Snowden, the country’s media were covering the latest scandal of this kind, in which the information minister presented a heavily edited recording of a private conversation involving an opposition legislator. The minister, Ernesto Villegas, rejected complaints that his actions were in breach of a constitutional guarantee of privacy. Both Mr Maduro and Mr Chávez have frequently branded opponents who have sought asylum from persecution as mere fugitives from justice, pressing countries where they have taken refuge to hand them over. As foreign minister, Mr Maduro refused to allow safe passage out of the country for a student leader, Nixon Moreno, who had been granted diplomatic asylum by the Vatican. Mr Moreno was eventually forced to flee to Peru. 委內(nèi)瑞拉政府非法監(jiān)聽政敵已經(jīng)成了慣例。甚至當(dāng)馬杜洛大力稱讚史諾登的同時，委內(nèi)瑞拉媒體也正在報導(dǎo)最近發(fā)生的類似醜聞，資訊部長公布了一段經(jīng)大幅剪輯的 錄音帶，內(nèi)容是與一位反對黨國會議員的私人談話。這位部長Ernesto Villegas否認外界指控他的行為已經(jīng)破壞了憲法保障的隱私權(quán)。馬杜洛和查維茲兩人經(jīng)常指責(zé)對手尋求庇護以避免迫害只是在逃避司法審判，施壓提供庇護 的國家要求交出他們。馬杜洛在擔(dān)任外交部長時曾拒絕讓學(xué)生領(lǐng)袖Nixon Moreno安全通過順利出境，當(dāng)時他已經(jīng)取得梵諦岡的外交庇護。最終Nixon Moreno被迫流亡秘魯。 As for Bolivia, according to Valor Econ?mico, Brazil’s financial daily, in October officials from Mr Morales’s government detained and searched a plane used by Brazil’s defence minister, Celso Amorim. That was because they thought that Roger Pinto, an opposition senator who was seeking political asylum in Brazil, might have been on board. As Carl Meacham of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think-tank, puts it, there are only two differences between the surveillance and espionage practices of Latin American countries and of the United States. The first is their scale; the second “is that the US got caught”. 至於玻利維亞，根據(jù)巴西財經(jīng)報紙《Valor Econ?mico》，去年十月莫拉勒斯政府的官員曾經(jīng)扣留並搜查一架巴西國防部長阿莫林（Celso Amorim）使用的飛機。原因是他們認為正在巴西尋求政治庇護的反對黨參議員Roger Pinto可能躲藏在飛機上。正如華府智庫戰(zhàn)略暨國際研究中心的Carl Meacham表示，拉美國家和美國的監(jiān)控和間諜行為其實只有兩點不同：首先是規(guī)模；其次「就是美國被抓到了」。 http://www./forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=194816 |
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