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寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 書(shū)面表達(dá)是綜合性強(qiáng)、難度大的題目。但是，當(dāng)我們深入研究后就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，書(shū)面表達(dá)實(shí)質(zhì)上就是組詞成句、連句成篇的一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程。只要我們抓好詞、句、段這三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，加強(qiáng)縮寫(xiě)、改寫(xiě)、仿寫(xiě)等練習(xí)，由簡(jiǎn)到繁、由易到難，一環(huán)扣一環(huán)地進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，由模仿到活用，由操練到交際，就能使語(yǔ)言知識(shí)逐步轉(zhuǎn)化成言語(yǔ)交際能力。 (一)選詞 詞是語(yǔ)言的最小組成單位，不同詞性的詞組合在一起構(gòu)成句子。因此，要充分利用課文中出現(xiàn)的重點(diǎn)單詞、詞組、句型，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和識(shí)記單詞的能力。 1. 注意一詞多義的應(yīng)用。如time一詞，在Times have changed中指“時(shí)代”；在six times the size of mine中指“倍數(shù)”；在in slow time中指“拍子”。切忌在寫(xiě)文章下筆時(shí)，一詞濫用，似是而非。 2. 結(jié)合英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法，同義反義比較，名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)詞義的區(qū)別，加強(qiáng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞形變化的理解，擴(kuò)充詞匯量。 3. 巧用過(guò)渡詞，增強(qiáng)文章邏輯性。為了使所寫(xiě)短文通順，連貫得體，句子與句子之間過(guò)渡自然，提高所寫(xiě)短文的質(zhì)量，適當(dāng)加上一些表示時(shí)間順序、遞進(jìn)、因果、條件、讓步等關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞是很有必要的。常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡詞有： (1)表時(shí)間順序的過(guò)渡詞：first，second，third，and then，finally，before，after a few days，at last，at that time，later，in the past，immediately，in the meanwhile等等。 (2)表空間順序的過(guò)渡詞：near(to)，far(from)，in the front of，beside，behind，beyond，above，below，to the right，to the left，on one side，on the other side of，outside等等。 (3)表并列的過(guò)渡詞：also，and，then，too，as well(as)等等。 (4)表轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡詞：but，yet，however，in spite of，otherwise等等。 (5)表遞進(jìn)的過(guò)渡詞：what' s more，besides，what' s worse，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again等等。 (6)表目的的過(guò)渡詞：for this reason，for this purpose，so that；in order that，so as to，in order to等等。 (7)表因果的過(guò)渡詞：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，thus，as等等。 (8)表解釋說(shuō)明的過(guò)渡詞：for example，in fact，in this case，for，actually等等。 (9)表?xiàng)l件的過(guò)渡詞：as long as，so long a5，on condition that，if，unless等等。 (10)表讓步的過(guò)渡詞：though，as，even if／though，who(what，when，where)ever等等。 (11)表總結(jié)的過(guò)渡詞：in brief，as has been stated，in a word等等。 (12)過(guò)渡性插入語(yǔ)：I think，I' m afraid，you know，as we all know等等。 (二)造句 句子是表達(dá)一個(gè)較完整意思的最小單位，所以遣詞造句的能力在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中是非常重要的，是書(shū)面表達(dá)成敗的關(guān)鍵。因此，加強(qiáng)造句訓(xùn)練就顯得尤其重要。 1. 連詞成句：這是最基本的一種訓(xùn)練形式。 如： (1)father，for you，new，will buy，says，a bike可連成Father says，“I will buy a new bike for you. ” (2)me，all right，write and tell，this will be，please，whether可連成Please write and tell me whether this will be all right. 2. 充分利用教材中特有的句型、句式、語(yǔ)法造句。 (1)句型、句式可使句子表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確，提高文章檔次。 It' s+ adj. +for sb. to do sth. “對(duì)某人來(lái)講，做某事是……”。如： It' s difficult for a child to do the job without help. It' s no good／use…doing sth. 做某事沒(méi)好處／用處 It' s no use giving him any more money. It is(has been)+時(shí)間+since…自從……好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了 It is(has been)5 years since he joined the army. It' s not long before…不久…… It will not be long before be comes back. It is／was…who／that…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It was yesterday that we visited the factory. It seems that…好像…… It seems that she is happy. ／She seems happy. I don't think／believe／expect(that)…我認(rèn)為……不 I don't think I know you. Will you please…?請(qǐng)……好嗎? Will you please help me? Would you like sth. ／to do sth. ?做……好嗎? Would you like to have a cup of tea? (2)用主從復(fù)合句、分詞作狀語(yǔ)、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等用法，可使語(yǔ)言描繪更加生動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)文章的情感性和感召力。如： What is more，it will become necessary to build gates and walls，which will do harm to the appearance of a city. (NMET 2002書(shū)面表達(dá)參考答案片段) I don' t know about others，but l used to work even at weekends，doing endless homework and at tending Classes as well. (NMET 2001書(shū)面表達(dá)參考答案片段) It' s a small flat of 25 square meters，with a bedroom，a bathroom and a kitchen. (NMET 2003書(shū)面表達(dá)參考答案片段) How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. (NMET 1998書(shū)面表達(dá)參考答案片段) (3)用句型替換練習(xí)增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的靈活性，拓寬表達(dá)空間。如： 這孩子太小，還不到上學(xué)的年齡。 The boy is too young to go to school. The boy is so young that he can't go to school. The boy is not old enough to go to school. 我花了5元錢(qián)買(mǎi)這本書(shū)。 I spent five yuan on the book. I spent five yuan(in)buying the book. I paid five yuan for the book. I bought the book for five yuan. The book cost me five yuan. 例文賞析 下面是一些常用的精美句子，請(qǐng)注意它們?cè)诒磉_(dá)方面的特點(diǎn)。 1. You go down the street，turn to the right，and then you' ll see the post office on your right. 析：幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的并列。 你順著這條街，向右拐，右邊就是郵局。 2. We arrived at the gate of the school，where we were warmly welcomed. 析：關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。 我們來(lái)到了校門(mén)口，受到了熱烈歡迎。 3. Although we were a little tired，we were excited. 析：although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 盡管我們有點(diǎn)累，我們?nèi)匀缓芨吲d。 4. The old lady was crossing the streets when a young man riding a bicycle rushed up and knocked her down. 析：when表“此刻、那時(shí)”。 老婦人正穿過(guò)馬路，這時(shí)突然一個(gè)年輕人騎著自行車(chē)沖過(guò)來(lái)，把她撞倒了。 5. She is a friend to her students as well as a teacher. 析：as well as表“不但……而且……”。 她不但是學(xué)生的老師，而且是他們的朋友。 6. The library is quiet and there are a lot of books for us to refer to，which is helpful to our study. 析：which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 圖書(shū)館里很安靜，有很多書(shū)供我們參考，這些書(shū)對(duì)我們的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。 7. The living conditions have been improved greatly and the town is no longer what it used to be. 析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 生活條件大大提高，城鎮(zhèn)不再是原來(lái)的樣子。 8. Every time I think of what happened to me a year ago，I feel I was to blame. 析：every time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 每次我想到一年前發(fā)生的事，我就感到我應(yīng)受到責(zé)備。 9. They were not only strict in our studies but also strict with us. 析：not only…but also…表“不但……而且……”。 他們不但對(duì)我們的學(xué)習(xí)嚴(yán)格要求，而且對(duì)我們也很?chē)?yán)格。 10. Great changes have taken place in Qingdao in the recent years. 析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 在最近的幾年中，青島發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 11. Only when we know well both scientific knowledge and practical skills can we live happily and work wonderfully in the society in the coming future. 析：only引導(dǎo)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 只有我們掌握了更多的科學(xué)知識(shí)和實(shí)際技能，我們才能在未來(lái)的社會(huì)中生活幸福，工作順利。 12. The more I earned，the more difficulties I met with. 析：the more…the more…表“越多……越……”。 我學(xué)的越多，遇到的困難也越多。 13. But the burden of work in class is so heavy that we have little time to do sports，which has left many of us in poor health. 析：so…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 但是，課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)太重以至于我們幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間進(jìn)行體育鍛煉，這使我們中很多人身體狀況不佳。 14. The day we were looking forward to came at last—a week's military training began. 析：定語(yǔ)從句的用法。 一周的軍訓(xùn)最終到來(lái)了，我們一直盼望著這一天。 15. One day on my way home from school，I saw an old woman standing by the roadside，with a heavy bag on her back. 析：with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。 一天，我在放學(xué)回家的路上，看見(jiàn)一位老太太站在路邊，背上掛著一個(gè)沉重的包裹。 16. On the blackboard were large Chinese characters and English，saying "Welcome to our school!” 析：倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 在黑板上，用很大的漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)著：“歡迎來(lái)我們的學(xué)校!” 17. With great curiosity and excitement，we students of Senior 2 began our learning-from-peasant activities in Jiangjia Village，Bin Cheng Township，not far from Beijing. 析：with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。 帶著興奮與好奇，我們高二學(xué)生去了離北京不遠(yuǎn)的濱城鎮(zhèn)姜家村開(kāi)展向農(nóng)民學(xué)習(xí)的活動(dòng)。 18. She is such an excellent teacher that we got so much from her，not only the knowledge but also kindness，diligence and appreciation for beauty. 析：so…that及not only…but also…的用法。 她是一位優(yōu)秀的教師，我們從她身上不僅學(xué)到了知識(shí)還學(xué)到了善良、勤奮和對(duì)美的鑒賞力。 19. Our English teacher Mrs. Zhang is an ordinary-looking，grey haired woman wearing a pair of glasses. 析：wearing現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)。 我們的英語(yǔ)老師張老師相貌平常，灰白頭發(fā)，戴著一副眼鏡。 20. I am living with my parents at No. 68 Jingqi Road and I am a student of Senior 2 at Jinan No. 1 middle school. 析：家庭住址的表示方法。 我同我的父母住在經(jīng)七路68號(hào)，是濟(jì)南市一中高二年級(jí)的學(xué)生。 21. Dong Hai is a newly-built city with a population of about three million，which covers an area of about 20 000 square kilometers facing the Yellow Sea in the east. 析：which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 東海市是一座新建城市，有人口近300萬(wàn)，面積2萬(wàn)余平方公里，東部面向黃海。 22. After he graduated from Beijing Engineering College in 1986，he was sent to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA to study chemistry. 析：after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 他1986年畢業(yè)于北京工學(xué)院，后來(lái)到美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院深造，攻讀化學(xué)。 23. The team members are required to get ready and others are required to watch and cheer for them. All the football lovers are welcome to watch and coach. 析：welcome的用法。 足球隊(duì)員作好準(zhǔn)備，其他同學(xué)前往助戰(zhàn)，歡迎足球愛(ài)好者參觀指導(dǎo)。 24. Those who would like to go are requested to put down their names on this sheet of paper and give eight yuan for the bus fare. 析：who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 參加者需要登記，并交車(chē)費(fèi)8元。 25. If you continue along Huangpu Road，you'll find on your right the highest building in Binhai，the Friendship Hotel，which has 12 floors. 析：if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 如果你繼續(xù)沿著黃埔路向前，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)右邊是濱海市最高的12層建筑——友誼大廈。 26. Pollution if becoming more and more serious all over the world. 析：注意比較級(jí)的用法。 全世界污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。 27. As everyone knows，smoking is harmful to our health. 析：as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。 每個(gè)人都知道，吸煙有害健康。 28. It is well-known that a teacher，as an engineer of human soul，plays a very important role in society. 析：注意it作形式主語(yǔ)的用法。 眾所周知，教師作為人類(lèi)靈魂的工程師，在社會(huì)中起著非常重要的作用。 29. Young as he is，he has been honoured as an advanced worker many times，for having got great achievements in his teaching. 析：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 雖然他年輕，但由于他工作成績(jī)卓著，多次被評(píng)為先進(jìn)工作者。 30. On hearing that I failed in the contest，I could hardly hold back my tears. 析：on與帶有動(dòng)詞性意義的名詞或動(dòng)名詞連用，表“一……就……”。 一聽(tīng)到在競(jìng)賽中失敗了，我就禁不住流下了眼淚。 |
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