知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)現(xiàn)在分詞(又稱(chēng)-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式) ,是分詞的一種,分詞又分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞,它們都是非限定動(dòng)詞,即在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分(定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)),并且它們具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),所以又是類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的一種。一般式:doing; 一般被動(dòng)式:being done; 完成式:having done; 完成被動(dòng)式:having been done。 所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not ,包括獨(dú)立主格形式。 構(gòu)成形式
※注意※ 結(jié)尾是x則不必雙寫(xiě),如relax→relaxing 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。也可以說(shuō)明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征,此時(shí)可換成相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)從句。例如: ?、?There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. ② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow. ?、?I was satisfied with the exciting speech. 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可作時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ),因此要注意人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的一致性。例如: ① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here. ?、?European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. ?、跾eeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。例如: ?、?Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes. ?、?The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。例如: ?、?With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word. ?、凇?Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!”他突然哭著喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來(lái)。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語(yǔ)。) ?、?Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長(zhǎng)城。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) Weather permitting 作狀語(yǔ)。) 慢跑 Slow-running 滑冰 Skating 游泳 Swimming 打籃球 Playing basketball 畫(huà)畫(huà) Drawing (pictures) 唱歌 Singing 購(gòu)物 Shopping 閱讀 Reading 踢足球 Playing soccer/football 跳 Jumping 站 Standing 寫(xiě) Writing 說(shuō) Talking/speaking/saying 跑 Running 吃 Eating …… 否定結(jié)構(gòu) 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由“not+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如: Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help. 她不知道該往哪兒走,就去請(qǐng)警察幫助。(現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)) Not seeing John, I asked where he was. 我看不見(jiàn)約翰,于是問(wèn)他在何處。(現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)) Not being seen by anyone, the thief escaped. 那個(gè)賊趁無(wú)人看見(jiàn)時(shí)逃跑了。(現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)) Not having done it right,I tried again. 我由于沒(méi)有做對(duì),所以又試了試。(現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)) 一般式 (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式通常表示其動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如: She sat there reading a novel. 她坐在那里看小說(shuō)。 A little child learning to walk often falls. 學(xué)走路的小孩常常跌跤。 (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作有時(shí)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。如: Going into the room,he shut the door. 走進(jìn)房間,他就關(guān)上了門(mén)。 完成式 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示其動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前完成。 Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV. 做完作業(yè)后,這個(gè)小女孩開(kāi)始看電視。 Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well. 因?yàn)樵诒本┳×硕嗄?,卡特?duì)這個(gè)城市很熟悉。被動(dòng)式 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。 (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式。如: The building being built is our library. 正在建的那棟樓是我們的圖書(shū)館。 The question being discussed is of great importance. 正在討論的問(wèn)題非常重要。 (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式。如: Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes. 老師警告他們之后,學(xué)生們不再犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。 Having been told many times , he still did not know how to do it. (人家)已經(jīng)告訴他多少次了,他還是不知道怎么做。 垂懸結(jié)構(gòu) 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該與句子的主語(yǔ)一致,但有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞的主語(yǔ)與其所在句中的主語(yǔ)并不一致,這種現(xiàn)在分詞即所謂的垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞。垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞容易使句意模糊,甚至造成歧義,因而通常被認(rèn)為是不合規(guī)范或錯(cuò)誤的用法。 Searching along the deck,it had taken him some time to find a doctor. 他沿著甲板找了好久才找到一名醫(yī)生。(searching的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句中的him) Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind. 不論是走路或睡覺(jué),我總是在想著這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 (walking or sleeping的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句中的my) Traveling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果讓學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。 The argument is very convincing. 他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。 (2) 分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),相當(dāng)于形容詞,不可與構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來(lái)。它們的形式是一樣但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。試比較: The film is moving. 這電影很感人。(表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)) They are moving next Sunday . 他們下個(gè)周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),表示動(dòng)作) The bookstore is now closed. 書(shū)店現(xiàn) 在已關(guān)門(mén)了。(表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)) The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m. . 書(shū)店通常在下午7:30關(guān)門(mén)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),表示動(dòng)作) 現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1.形容詞性物主代詞+doing Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 2.名詞所有格+doing Jane's being so careless caused so much trouble. 3.人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格+doing Would you mind my/me using your call phone? 4.名詞+doing She insisted on her son/her son's going to college. 注意:現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),只能用1,2兩種形式;作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),四種形式都可以用 |
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