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2011版:嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤/副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤診療指南

 wjch1968 2014-09-22

嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤/副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤

[名詞解釋]

兒茶酚胺增多癥(hypercatecholaminemia:由于腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤(腎上腺外嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤)與腎上腺髓質(zhì)增生的共同特點(diǎn)是腫瘤或腎上腺髓質(zhì)的嗜鉻細(xì)胞分泌過(guò)量的兒茶酚胺(腎上腺素、去甲腎上腺素和/或多巴胺),而引起相似的臨床癥狀,統(tǒng)稱為兒茶酚胺增多癥。

嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤( pheochromocytomaPHEO )起源于腎上腺髓質(zhì)嗜鉻細(xì)胞的腫瘤,合成、存儲(chǔ)和分解代謝兒茶酚胺,并因后者的釋放引起癥狀。

副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤paraganglioma,PGL):起源于腎上腺外的嗜鉻細(xì)胞的腫瘤,包括源于交感神經(jīng)(腹部、盆腔、胸部)和副交感神經(jīng)(頭頸部)者。前者多具有兒茶酚胺激素功能活性,而后者罕見(jiàn)過(guò)量?jī)翰璺影樊a(chǎn)生。

2004年,WHO的內(nèi)分泌腫瘤分類[1]將嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤定義為來(lái)源于腎上腺髓質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生兒茶酚胺的嗜鉻細(xì)胞的腫瘤,即腎上腺內(nèi)副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤;而將交感神經(jīng)和副交感神經(jīng)節(jié)來(lái)源者定義為腎上腺外副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤。目前比較統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn)是嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤特指腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤,而將傳統(tǒng)概念的腎上腺外或異位嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤統(tǒng)稱為副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤。

惡性嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤( malignant pheochromocytoma):WHO的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]是在沒(méi)有嗜鉻組織的區(qū)域出現(xiàn)嗜鉻細(xì)胞(轉(zhuǎn)移灶)如骨、淋巴結(jié)、肝、肺等。局部浸潤(rùn)和腫瘤細(xì)胞分化程度均不能用于區(qū)分嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤的良惡性。

 

一、流行病學(xué)和病因?qū)W

    嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤/副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤(pheochromocytoma / paraganglioma,PHEO/PGL)占高血壓病人的0.1%~0.6%[2-4],年發(fā)病率3~4 / 100萬(wàn)人,尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn)率約為0.09%~0.25%,人群中約50~75%的PHEO/PGL未被診斷[5]。目前約25%的PHEO系影像學(xué)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),占腎上腺偶發(fā)瘤的4%~5%[6]。男女發(fā)病率無(wú)明顯差別,可以發(fā)生于任何年齡,多見(jiàn)于40~50歲。PGL占全部嗜鉻細(xì)胞腫瘤的15%~24%[7, 8]。

    PHEO/PGL病因尚不明,可能與遺傳有關(guān)。近年研究表明約30%有家族遺傳背景,并已明確致病基因:Von Hippel-Lindau ?。╒HL病)(VHL基因突變)、多發(fā)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤-1型(MEN-1)(MEN1基因突變)、多發(fā)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤-2型(MEN-2)(RET基因突變)、家族性PHEO-PGL綜合征(SDHD、SDHB 或 SDHC 基因突變)、神經(jīng)纖維瘤病-1型(NF-1基因突變)[8, 9]。成人散發(fā)性PHEO/PGL基因突變率約24%[10],兒童可達(dá)36%[11]。

PHEO/PGL的發(fā)生率在 MEN-2為70%~80%[12],VHL病約10%[13],NF-1約3%~5%[14, 15]。

二、病理和病理生理

PHEO/PGL主要源于腎上腺髓質(zhì),約9%~24%源于腎上腺外[16, 17]。PHEO多為單側(cè),但遺傳性者常為雙側(cè)、多發(fā),如MEN-2相關(guān)者約 50%~80%為雙側(cè)。約95%以上的PGL位于腹部和盆腔[18],最常見(jiàn)部位為腹主動(dòng)脈旁、腎門(mén)附近、下腔靜脈旁等;其次為盆腔,膀胱PGL占膀胱腫瘤0.5%,占PGL的10%[19];再次為頭頸和胸腔縱隔。15%~24%可多發(fā)[15, 20, 21]。

典型PHEO直徑約 3~5 cm大小,但也可>10 cm,平均重量40~100 g (5 ~>3500 g)。2004年WHO的腎上腺腫瘤的組織分類將嗜鉻細(xì)胞相關(guān)腫瘤分為腎上腺髓質(zhì)腫瘤和腎上腺外副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤兩大類:前者包括良、惡性PHEO和混合型PHEO/PGL;后者包括腎上腺外交感神經(jīng)和副交感神經(jīng)PGL等。惡性PGL發(fā)生率約30%~40%[7, 8],腎上腺惡性PHEO約10%。兒童多發(fā)和腎上腺外者占30%~43%[22, 23],其中惡性者占26%~35%[20, 24]。轉(zhuǎn)移部位多見(jiàn)于淋巴結(jié)、肝、肺、骨等器官。但病理組織學(xué)特征本身不能預(yù)測(cè)惡性或轉(zhuǎn)移[1]

PHEO/PGL主要分泌兒茶酚胺(CA)如NE和E(前者為主),極少可分泌多巴胺。CA、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以及α-、β-受體下調(diào)和敏感性的降低等多種因素參與維持其血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化。PHEO/PGL還可分泌其他激素或多肽如ACTH、血管活性腸肽、神經(jīng)肽Y、心房利鈉素、生長(zhǎng)激素釋放因子、生長(zhǎng)抑素、甲狀旁腺素相關(guān)肽、白細(xì)胞介素-6等而引起不同的病理生理和臨床表現(xiàn)[25-27]。

 

三、臨床表現(xiàn)

 

高血壓是最常見(jiàn)的臨床癥狀,發(fā)生率約80%90%[28]。50%60%為持續(xù)性,40%50%為發(fā)作性,10%50%可出現(xiàn)體位性低血壓,5%血壓正常??砂橛械湫偷念^痛、心悸、多汗“三聯(lián)征”,其發(fā)生率為50%以上[29]。伴有血糖增高的發(fā)生率約40%。

部分患者可能會(huì)以心肌病、高鈣血癥、血尿、糖尿病、庫(kù)欣綜合征、腸梗阻、甚至視力下降等原因就診[30];家族性PHEO/PGL可以相關(guān)綜合征的臨床癥狀和體征為主要表現(xiàn):如MEN-2(甲狀腺髓樣癌、甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥、多發(fā)粘膜神經(jīng)瘤)、VHL?。ㄒ暰W(wǎng)膜和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管母細(xì)胞瘤、腎囊腫或腎細(xì)胞癌、胰腺囊腫或腫瘤、附睪囊腺瘤)、NF-1(皮膚多發(fā)神經(jīng)纖維瘤、色斑、虹膜“利舍結(jié)節(jié)”)、家族性PHEO-PGL綜合征(頭頸部副交感神經(jīng)副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、交感神經(jīng)副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤)等[2, 5, 31, 32]。約15%可及腹部腫塊[33]。

少見(jiàn)情況以急癥形式出現(xiàn)[34]:如高血壓危象、休克、急性心衰、肺水腫、心肌梗死、嚴(yán)重心律失常、急性腎功能不全、高熱等。

    PHEO在腎上腺偶發(fā)瘤的發(fā)生率約5%[35]。約有8%的患者無(wú)任何癥狀,多見(jiàn)于家族性發(fā)病者或瘤體巨大的囊性PHEO[30]。

 

四、診 

PHEO/PGL的診斷主要是根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)對(duì)可疑病人的篩查、定性診斷、影像解剖和功能定位診斷等,對(duì)于有遺傳傾向者尚需基因篩查。

(一)可疑病例的篩查指征:

1)伴有頭痛、心悸、大汗等“三聯(lián)征”的高血壓

2)頑固性高血壓;

3)血壓易變不穩(wěn)定者;

4)麻醉、手術(shù)、血管造影檢查、妊娠中血壓升高或波動(dòng)劇烈者,不能解釋的低血壓;

5PHEO/PGL家族遺傳背景者;

6)腎上腺偶發(fā)瘤;

7)特發(fā)性擴(kuò)張性心肌病。

 

(二)定性診斷

實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定血漿和尿的游離CA(E、NE、DA)及其代謝產(chǎn)物如VMA是傳統(tǒng)診斷PHEO/PGL的重要方法。腫瘤CA的釋放入血呈“間歇性”,直接檢測(cè)CA易出現(xiàn)假陰性[36]。但CA在瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)的代謝呈持續(xù)性,其中間產(chǎn)物甲氧基腎上腺素類物質(zhì)(metanephrines,MNs)以“滲漏”形式持續(xù)釋放入血[37],血漿游離MNs和尿分餾的甲氧腎上腺素(urinary fractionated metanephrines)的診斷敏感性優(yōu)于CA的測(cè)定[36, 38-40]。MNs包括甲氧基腎上腺素(MN)和甲氧基去甲腎上腺素(NMN),進(jìn)入循環(huán)的MNs為游離形式,主要來(lái)源于PHEO/PGL腫瘤細(xì)胞,經(jīng)消化道、脾、胰的相關(guān)酶修飾為硫酸鹽結(jié)合的MNs,消化道等本身也可合成大量的硫酸鹽結(jié)合的NMN,故結(jié)合型MNs特異性略差。

1.24小時(shí)尿CA(推薦)  仍是目前定性診斷的主要生化檢查手段[41]。敏感性84%,特異性81%,假陰性率14%[30]。結(jié)果陰性而臨床高度可疑者建議重復(fù)多次和/或高血壓發(fā)作時(shí)留尿測(cè)定,陰性不排除診斷。

2.血漿游離MNs(推薦)    包括MN和NMN。敏感性97%~99%,特異性82%~96%,適于高危人群的篩查和監(jiān)測(cè)。陰性者幾乎能有效排除PHEO/PGL,假陰性率僅1.4%[40],無(wú)癥狀的小腫瘤或僅分泌多巴胺者,可假陰性[8, 42, 43]。國(guó)內(nèi)僅有少數(shù)單位開(kāi)展,建議推廣。

324h尿分餾的MNs(推薦)  須經(jīng)硫酸鹽的解離步驟后檢測(cè),故不能區(qū)分游離型與結(jié)合型,為二者之和。但可區(qū)分MNNMN。特異性高達(dá)98%,但敏感性略低,約69%,適于低危人群的篩查[42]。

424h尿總MNsMN+NMN(可選)  敏感性77%,特異性93%

5 24h尿VMA(可選)  敏感性僅46%67%,假陰性率41%,但特異性高達(dá)95%[16]。

6.血漿CA(可選)  檢測(cè)結(jié)果受多種生理、病理因素及藥物的影響。

血漿游離MNs和尿分餾的MNs升高≥正常值上限4倍以上,診斷PHEO/PGL的可能幾乎100%[44]。臨床疑診但生化檢查結(jié)果處于臨界或灰區(qū)者應(yīng)標(biāo)化取樣條件,推薦聯(lián)合檢測(cè)以提高準(zhǔn)確率。曾經(jīng)有可樂(lè)定抑制試驗(yàn)及胰高糖素激發(fā)試驗(yàn)等用以診斷和鑒別PHEO/PGL,但由于心、腦血管意外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等可能,國(guó)內(nèi)已基本摒棄。

(三)定位診斷

包括解剖影像學(xué)和功能影像學(xué)[36]

1.解剖影像學(xué)定位  主要是 CT 和 MRI。二者具有類似的診斷敏感性(90%~100%)和特異性(70%~80%),沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明何者更優(yōu),可選其一[36, 45, 46]。對(duì)PHEO的敏感性優(yōu)于PGL、轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)病灶,但排除PHEO/PGL的特異性僅約50%。推薦 CT/MRI 的初始掃描范圍為腹部+盆腔,目的在于檢出腎上腺和/或腎上腺外多發(fā)病變,如為陰性,掃描胸部和頭頸[36, 47]。

(1) CT 平掃 + 增強(qiáng)(推薦首選):優(yōu)點(diǎn)是價(jià)格適中、敏感性高、掃描時(shí)間短。可發(fā)現(xiàn)腎上腺 0.5 cm和腎上腺外 1.0 cm以上的 PHEO/PGL。腫瘤內(nèi)密度不均和顯著強(qiáng)化為其特點(diǎn),能充分反映腫瘤形態(tài)特征及與周圍組織的解剖關(guān)系[48]。

(2) MRI(推薦):優(yōu)點(diǎn)是敏感性與CT相仿、無(wú)電離輻射、無(wú)造影劑過(guò)敏之虞。PHEO/PGL 血供豐富,T1WI 低信號(hào)、T2WI 高信號(hào),反向序列信號(hào)無(wú)衰減為其特點(diǎn)。推薦以下情況代替CT作為首選定位或補(bǔ)充檢查[36, 49]

1)兒童、孕婦或其他需減少放射性暴露者;

2)對(duì)CT造影劑過(guò)敏者;

3)生化證實(shí)兒茶酚胺升高而 CT 掃描陰性者;

4)腫瘤與周圍大血管關(guān)系密切,評(píng)價(jià)有無(wú)血管侵犯。

5)全身 MRI 彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)有助于探測(cè)多發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移病灶。

(3)超聲檢查(可選擇):敏感性低,但因其簡(jiǎn)便、無(wú)創(chuàng)、價(jià)格低廉,可作為初篩檢查,特別是可疑頸部PGL以及嬰幼兒、孕婦等[5, 47]。但不推薦用于定位。

2.功能影像學(xué)定位(推薦有條件的地區(qū)選擇)

不作一線推薦[50]。功能影像檢查的價(jià)值和指征[51, 52]

1)確診定位并利于鑒別診斷。

2)檢出多發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移病灶(分泌E的PHEO>5cm;分泌NE的PHEO;功能性PGL)。

3)生化指標(biāo)陽(yáng)性和/或可疑,CT / MRI 未能定位者。

4)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)者。

(1)間碘芐胍(metaiodobenzylguanidine,MIBG)顯像:MIBG為去甲腎上腺素類似物,能被嗜鉻細(xì)胞兒茶酚胺囊泡攝取[47] 131I-MIBG和123I-MIBG可同時(shí)對(duì)PHEO/PGL進(jìn)行形態(tài)解剖和功能的定位,二者特異性均達(dá)95%~100% ,靈敏度分別為77%~90% 和 83%~100%[53, 54];但對(duì)PGL和惡性PHEO敏感性較低(71%和56%)[55, 56]。假陽(yáng)性罕見(jiàn)于腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌[57]和某些感染性疾病如放線菌病[58];假陰性見(jiàn)于某些藥物影響(如三環(huán)類抗抑郁精神病藥、鈣拮抗劑、可卡因等)和腫瘤壞死或去分化[59]。

MIBG顯像前必須使用盧戈氏液,5滴 3次/日×3天,封閉甲狀腺。

(2)生長(zhǎng)抑素受體(somatostatin receptor)顯像:生長(zhǎng)抑素受體為G蛋白偶聯(lián)的跨膜蛋白,有5種亞型。PHEO / PGL主要表達(dá)2和4型(約73%)[60]。奧曲肽為生長(zhǎng)抑素類似物,與生長(zhǎng)抑素受體的親和性依次為2、5、3型[61]111In-DTPA-奧曲肽顯像敏感性不及MIBG,MIBG陽(yáng)性的PHEO/PGL僅25%~34%奧曲肽陽(yáng)性,但對(duì)惡性/轉(zhuǎn)移性病灶的敏感性優(yōu)于MIBG(87% 和 57%)[53]。

(3)PET顯像:18F-FDG-PET、11C-對(duì)羥基麻黃堿-PET、11C-腎上腺素-PET、18F-DOPA-PET和18F-DA-PET均有報(bào)道用于PHEO/PGL的定位診斷,但前3者特異性差, 18F-DA-PET優(yōu)于MIBG,敏感性和特異性達(dá)100%[62, 63]。

(四)遺傳性綜合征的診斷和基因篩查

1. 大約1/3的PHEO/PGL有遺傳因素參與[64] [2, 5, 31, 32]。遺傳性綜合征和基因篩查的價(jià)值在于:

(1)主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)或多發(fā);

(2)及早發(fā)現(xiàn)其他受累系統(tǒng)病變;

(3)監(jiān)測(cè)無(wú)癥狀的親屬,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤;

(4)致命性腫瘤的預(yù)防如RET突變患兒的甲狀腺預(yù)防性切除。

2. 下列情況應(yīng)考慮遺傳疾病[7, 65]

(1)PHEO/PGL家族史者;

(2)雙側(cè)、多發(fā)或腎上腺外PHEO;

(3)年輕患者(<20歲);

(4)患者及其親屬具有其他系統(tǒng)病變:腦、眼、甲狀腺、甲狀旁腺、腎、頸部、胰腺、附睪、皮膚等。

3. 篩查內(nèi)容包括

(1)家族史的問(wèn)詢。

(2)系統(tǒng)臨床體征和輔助檢查:皮膚病變(NF-1);甲狀腺病變和血降鈣素升高(MEN-2);影像學(xué)檢查腎臟、胰腺、其他腹部腫瘤,術(shù)前常規(guī)眼底視網(wǎng)膜檢查、腦脊髓MRI檢查(VHL)。

(3)基因篩查(可選擇):RET/VHL/SDHB/SDHD,若陽(yáng)性,一級(jí)親屬遺傳咨詢。

 

五、治 

 

(一)術(shù)前藥物準(zhǔn)備

PHEO/PGL術(shù)前充分的準(zhǔn)備是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵[66],未常規(guī)予α-受體阻滯劑以前PHEO手術(shù)死亡率達(dá)24%~50%[67-69],充分的藥物準(zhǔn)備可使手術(shù)死亡率低于3%[70, 71]。術(shù)前藥物準(zhǔn)備的目標(biāo)[72]在于阻斷過(guò)量CA的作用,維持正常血壓、心率/心律,改善心臟和其他臟器的功能;糾正有效血容量不足;防止手術(shù)、麻醉誘發(fā)CA的大量釋放所致的血壓劇烈波動(dòng),減少急性心衰、肺水腫等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[67]。

1.控制高血壓

   (1)α-受體阻滯劑(推薦):最常用的是長(zhǎng)效非選擇性α-受體阻滯劑——酚芐明,初始劑量5~10 mg,2次/日,據(jù)血壓調(diào)整劑量,每2~3日遞增10~20 mg;發(fā)作性癥狀控制、血壓正?;蚵缘?、體位性低血壓或鼻塞出現(xiàn)等提示藥物劑量恰當(dāng),一般每日30~60 mg 或 1 mg / kg已足[73],分3~4次口服,不超過(guò)2 mg / kg / d[74]。小兒初始劑量0.2mg / kg(<10 mg),每日4次,以0.2 mg / kg遞增[75]。也可選用α1-受體阻滯劑如哌唑嗪(2~5 mg,2~3次/日)、特拉唑嗪(2~5 mg /日)、多沙唑嗪(2~16 mg /日)[76]等。壓寧定(烏拉地爾)具有中樞和外周雙重作用,每日30~90 mg,分次口服[77]。

服藥期間飲食中增加含鹽液體的攝入,以減少體位性低血壓的發(fā)生,并有助擴(kuò)容[74, 78]

   (2)鈣離子通道阻滯劑(推薦):鈣拮抗劑能夠阻斷NE介導(dǎo)的鈣離子內(nèi)流入血管平滑肌細(xì)胞內(nèi),達(dá)到控制血壓和心率失常的目的,它還能防止CA相關(guān)的冠狀動(dòng)脈痙攣,有利于改善心功能[79]。其療效幾乎與α-受體阻滯劑相當(dāng),但不會(huì)引起體位性低血壓[80-82]。

推薦以下3種情況聯(lián)合或替代α-受體阻滯劑[18, 83]

1)單用α-受體阻滯劑血壓控制不滿意者,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用以提高療效,并可減少前者劑量;

2)α-受體阻滯劑嚴(yán)重副作用病人不能耐受者,替代之;

3)血壓正常或僅間歇升高,替代α-受體阻滯劑,以免后者引起低血壓或體位性低血壓。

2控制心律失常  對(duì)于CAα-受體阻滯劑介導(dǎo)的心動(dòng)過(guò)速(>100120/分)或室上性心律失常等需加用β-受體阻滯劑,使心率控制在<90/分。但β-受體阻滯劑必須在α-受體阻滯劑使用23日后,因單用前者可阻斷腎上腺素興奮β2受體擴(kuò)張血管的作用而可能誘發(fā)高血壓危象、心肌梗死、肺水腫等致命的并發(fā)癥[84]。推薦心選擇性的β1-受體阻滯劑如阿替洛爾、美托洛爾等[72]。

3.高血壓危象的處理  推薦硝普鈉、酚妥拉明或尼卡地平靜脈泵入[84]

4術(shù)前藥物準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)  推薦至少1014[5],發(fā)作頻繁者需46周。以下幾點(diǎn)提示術(shù)前藥物充分[8, 77, 85]

1)血壓穩(wěn)定在120/80 mmHg左右,心率<8090/分;

2)無(wú)陣發(fā)性血壓升高、心悸、多汗等現(xiàn)象;

3)體重呈增加趨勢(shì),紅細(xì)胞壓積<45%;

4)輕度鼻塞,四肢末端發(fā)涼感消失或有溫暖感,甲床紅潤(rùn)等表明微循環(huán)灌注良好

 

(二)手術(shù)治療

手術(shù)切除是PHEO/PGL最有效的治療方法。強(qiáng)調(diào)與麻醉科等多學(xué)科充分合作。推薦全麻,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)脈血壓和中心靜脈壓,必要時(shí)漂浮導(dǎo)管。積極擴(kuò)容的同時(shí)注意防治心力衰竭。

1.手術(shù)方式  根據(jù)病情、腫瘤的大小、部位及與周圍血管的關(guān)系和術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)合理選擇開(kāi)放性手術(shù)或腹腔鏡手術(shù)。

   (1)腹腔鏡手術(shù)(推薦):與開(kāi)放手術(shù)相比,腹腔鏡嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤切除術(shù)具有術(shù)中CA釋放少、血壓波動(dòng)幅度小、創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是腎上腺PHEO推薦首選的手術(shù)方式[86-89]。其選擇主要決定于腫瘤的大小和術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)[90]。但腫瘤大小并非絕對(duì)限制[91, 92],多數(shù)學(xué)者[93]推薦腫瘤<6 cm。經(jīng)腹和經(jīng)腹膜后途徑?jīng)]有顯著差異,但后者術(shù)后恢復(fù)快[94]

   (2)開(kāi)放手術(shù):推薦于腫瘤巨大、疑惡性、腎上腺外PGL、多發(fā)需探查者。腹主動(dòng)脈主干及腸系膜上動(dòng)脈區(qū)有豐富的副神經(jīng)節(jié)嗜鉻體,為腫瘤的好發(fā)部位,是探查的主要區(qū)域;對(duì)來(lái)自胸腔、縱隔或膀胱的PGL,應(yīng)根據(jù)腫瘤位置,選擇相應(yīng)手術(shù)徑路。腫瘤分離有困難者可行包膜內(nèi)剜除。膀胱PGL有惡性傾向,推薦根據(jù)腫瘤部位和大小行膀胱部分或全膀胱切除術(shù)。

對(duì)定性診斷不明確的腫物,手術(shù)探查需在α-受體阻滯劑充分準(zhǔn)備后進(jìn)行。

2.腎上腺保留與否  推薦盡可能保留腎上腺,特別是雙側(cè)、家族性或具有遺傳背景者推薦保留正常腎上腺組織,基于如下原因[95-99]:避免皮質(zhì)激素終生替代、家族性PHEO惡性罕見(jiàn)(2%)[100]、殘留腎上腺?gòu)?fù)發(fā)率低(10%~17%)[6]。

    3.術(shù)后處理  ICU監(jiān)護(hù)24~48小時(shí),持續(xù)的心電圖、動(dòng)脈壓、中心靜脈壓等監(jiān)測(cè),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理可能的心血管和代謝相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后高血壓[51]、低血壓、低血糖較常見(jiàn),應(yīng)常規(guī)適量擴(kuò)容和5%葡萄糖液補(bǔ)充,維持正平衡[8]。

 

(三)惡性PHEO/PGL的治療

    多種病理學(xué)指標(biāo)用于預(yù)測(cè)PHEO/PGL的惡性行為,但迄今最具預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值的是定位于腎上腺外(36%)[101]、腫瘤的大小(>5cm者76%,≤5cm者24%)和 SDHB 基因突變(66%~83%)[16, 32, 102]。血、尿多巴胺和去甲腎上腺素水平顯著升高亦提示惡性可能[103, 104]

    1.手術(shù)治療(推薦)   手術(shù)切除原發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移病灶仍是主要治療手段[105]。手術(shù)減瘤雖不能延長(zhǎng)生存,但有助控制血壓等相關(guān)癥狀,并可能有利于術(shù)后放化療或核素治療[36]。

    2.放射性核素治療  用于無(wú)法手術(shù)或多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移、MIBG或奧曲肽顯像陽(yáng)性者。最常用的藥物是131I-MIBG,其治療效應(yīng)與每克腫瘤組織吸收劑量和腫瘤體積密切相關(guān),腫瘤直徑應(yīng)小于2cm以保證131I-MIBG的良好攝取。大劑量131I-MIBG 治療能延長(zhǎng)生存,緩解癥狀[106];短期內(nèi)效果良好,癥狀有效率75%,激素有效率45%,腫瘤體積部分緩解率30%,完全緩解率5%[106, 107]。但長(zhǎng)期療效欠佳,2年內(nèi)幾乎均有復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移。主要副作用是骨髓抑制。核素標(biāo)記的奧曲肽可用于MIBG陰性者,但療效尚難評(píng)價(jià)。

  3.放療和化療  外放射治療推薦于無(wú)法手術(shù)切除的腫瘤和緩解骨轉(zhuǎn)移所致疼痛,但可能加重高血壓[108]?;熗扑] CVD 方案(環(huán)磷酰胺、長(zhǎng)春新堿、氮烯唑胺),有效率約50%,但多于2年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)[109, 110]。聯(lián)合MIBG可能提高療效[111]。抗血管生成靶向藥物治療可能有效[102, 112-116]。

4. 處理兒茶酚胺增多癥  對(duì)于惡性或因故不能手術(shù)者推薦α-受體阻滯劑、β-受體阻滯劑控制高血壓[8]

 

六、預(yù)后和隨訪

(一)預(yù)后

PHEO/PGL的預(yù)后與年齡、良惡性、有無(wú)家族史及治療早晚等有關(guān)。良性者5年生存率>95%,但約50%患者仍持續(xù)高血壓[117]。復(fù)發(fā)率為6.5%~17%,復(fù)發(fā)者惡性率約50%,家族性、腎上腺外及右側(cè)者更易復(fù)發(fā)[6]。惡性PHEO/PGL不可治愈,5年生存率約 50%[102],肝、肺轉(zhuǎn)移較骨轉(zhuǎn)移者預(yù)后差[46, 102],其中約50%死于1~3年,但約50%可存活20年以上[84]

(二)隨訪

1.隨訪原因 

(1)腫瘤有無(wú)殘留;

(2)病理難于鑒別良惡性,主要依據(jù)其臨床出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移;

(3)易復(fù)發(fā)、多發(fā),特別是家族發(fā)病者。

2.隨訪內(nèi)容:包括臨床癥狀(如高血壓)、生化指標(biāo)(如血漿游離MNs、24h尿CA和分餾的MNs)、CT掃描等。

3.隨訪方案

(1)推薦術(shù)后10~14天復(fù)查血尿生化指標(biāo)[36, 118],判斷腫瘤是否殘留、有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移等。

(2)散發(fā)病例單側(cè)腎上腺切除者每年一次,至少連續(xù)10年[117]。

(3)高危群體(SDHB突變、PGL、腫瘤體積巨大)和遺傳性PHEO/PGL者每6~12個(gè)月復(fù)查1次臨床和生化指標(biāo),終生隨訪[119]。

 


七、PHEO/PGL診斷流程圖[29, 30, 120, 121]

 

無(wú)腫物

腫  物

胸部及頭頸CT / MRI

無(wú)腫物

腫  物

排除PHEO / PGL

MIBG/奧曲肽/PET

-

+

影像功能定位

●  MIBG

●  奧曲肽顯像

+

PHEO / PGL

基因篩查(可選)

+

-

PET

-

重復(fù)生

化檢查

臨床癥狀可疑如:

  ● 發(fā)作性或頑固性高血壓

  ● 麻醉、手術(shù)、妊娠中血壓劇烈波動(dòng)

腎上腺或腹主動(dòng)脈旁偶發(fā)腫物

PHEO/PGL家族史

生化檢測(cè)≥2次

  ●  血漿游離MN、NMN

  ●  24h尿MN、NMN

  ● 24h尿CA

臨  界

升高>2倍

正  常

生化證實(shí)

重復(fù)生化檢查

癥狀依舊或高危

+

+

-

-

影 像 解 剖 定 位

(腹部+盆腔CT / MRI)

6月后重復(fù)生化檢查

癥狀依舊

排除PHEO / PGL

-

+


八、PHEO/PGL治療流程圖[29, 30, 110, 122]

 

嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤/副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤(PHEO/PGL)

藥物準(zhǔn)備

  ●  酚芐明

  ●  哌唑嗪、多沙唑嗪

  ● 鈣離子拮抗劑

  ● 高血壓危象:硝普鈉、烏拉地爾

  ● 心律失常:β-受體阻滯劑

良    性

惡    性

腎上腺

腎上腺外

原發(fā)局限病灶

轉(zhuǎn)移病灶

單 側(cè)

雙 側(cè)

能否“根治”切除?

+

-

可切除

不可切除

散發(fā)性

遺傳性

原發(fā)灶+轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除

減瘤手術(shù)

腫瘤切除

保留腎上腺的腫瘤切除

腫瘤切除

“根治”切除

減瘤切除

131I-MIBG (a)

●  奧曲肽 (b)

●  化療

●  放療

131I-MIBG (a)

終生隨訪

隨訪≥10

aMIBG顯像陽(yáng)性者(b)奧曲肽顯像陽(yáng)性者

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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