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英語動(dòng)詞的種類

 許愿真 2014-05-24

 

英語有四類動(dòng)詞:行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)意動(dòng)詞)、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。其中行為動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~。

1. 行為動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)。及物動(dòng)詞通常都跟有賓語如:
 (1)She committed a serious error. 她犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
 (2)They were busy making artificial flowers. 他們在忙著做紙花。
 (3)The child needed constant attention. 這孩子需要經(jīng)常照顧。
 (4)Where did you put the key? 你把鑰匙放哪兒了?
這類動(dòng)詞很多,常見的如:
achieve      address     admire      affect      afford      avoid
blame        build       buy         carry       catch       claim
commit       complete    concern     control     convince   correct
have         heat       hire       include     influence  introduce
provide      raise      receive     recommend   record     release
use          value      want        waste       welcome  

◆有些及物動(dòng)詞和一個(gè)介詞短語或副詞連用:
 (1)Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亞把世界比作舞臺(tái)。
 (2)This song reminded me of my childhood. 這首歌使我想起來童年。
 (3)He promised to treat us to dinner. 他答應(yīng)請(qǐng)我們吃飯。
常見的這類短語有:
accustom…to      aquaint…with     attribute…to    base…on(upon)
bring…with       cram…into        compare…to       condemn…to
confine…to        convey…to         dedicate…to      deprive…to
direct…to         divide…into       engrave…with     entrust…to
incorporate…into  jot…down          lavish…on        liken…to
mistake…for       owe…to       point…at (to)    present…to(with)
prevent…from      regard…as         remind…of        return…to
rid…of            rob…of            send…to          subject…to
supply…with (to)  treat…to          trust…with       view…as

◆有幾個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞可以和許多名詞一道表示動(dòng)作,這類動(dòng)詞稱為虛意動(dòng)詞,最常見的是下面幾個(gè):
have 可以跟:
bath      bathe       celebration     chat       conversation    cry
dance     discussion  dislike         dispute    dream        drink
fear      fight      interview       laugh      lie          look
love      quarrel     read         respect    rest        row(爭吵)
run       scene       sleep        smoke      success       swim
talk      try         walk          wash       win          wish
give可以跟:
account    advice     analysis      answer      approval    beating
blow       chuckle    clean        consent     consideration   cry
dry        gasp      giggle        glance      grin         groan
hint       hug        injection     jump         kick        kiss
knock     laugh       lecture       look         nod       notice
polish     pull       punch        push       reading     report
ring       scream     shock        shout        sigh        sketch
smile      squeeze    start        summary      support      talk
thought    warning    wash           welcome
take可以跟:
action     bath       break         care       chance      charge
control    effect     examination   exercise     grip    inspection
lead       lift       look          nap          note       notice
oath       offence    pity          place        power       pride  seat       shape     sip         stand   step       trip            trouble       turn        vocation      view    vote       walk
make可以跟:
advance      answer       apology       appeal        appearance
arrangement  arrest       appointment   attack        attempt
change       choice       comment       comparison    concession
confession   deal          decision     demand        distinction
effort       enquiry       examination  excuse        experiment
explanation  flight        fuss         guess         go
inspection   investigation love         mention       move
noise        objection     proposal     protest       preparations
progress     promise       purchase     recovery      reference
remark       reply         resolution   sacrifice     scene
search       slip          start        statement     study
success      suggestion    trip         visit

◆動(dòng)詞do可以跟許多名詞作賓語,意思隨后面的名詞而變化:
(1)Go and do your hair. 去梳梳頭。
(2)Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了嗎?
(3)She was doing the dishes. 她在洗盤子。
(4)Can you do the room now? 你現(xiàn)在能房間了嗎?
(5)When are you to do the windows? 你什么時(shí)候擦窗子?
(6)He found her doing the flowers. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)她在插花。
(7)Do they do science at school? 他們在學(xué)校學(xué)科學(xué)課程嗎?
(8)He’s learning to do sums. 他在學(xué)做算術(shù)題。
(9)The group is doing ‘Macbeth’. 這個(gè)劇團(tuán)在演《麥克佩斯》。
(10)We did two concerts last week. 上星期我們聽了兩場音樂會(huì)。
(11)Have you done the Tower? 你參觀倫敦塔了嗎?
(12)We did Spain in two weeks. 我們在西班牙游覽了兩周。
(13)He does seventy-five on the freeway. 在高速公路上他開車時(shí)速為七十五英里。
(14)We did the journey in six hours. 路上我們走了六小時(shí)。
(15)He did ten years for armed robbery. 他因持槍搶劫入獄十年。
(16)The barber will do you next. 理發(fā)師下一個(gè)將給你理。
(17)He does his guests well. 他把客人招待得很好。
(18)That shopkeeper did me. 那個(gè)商店老板騙了我。
(19)He has done an excellent article. 他寫了一篇精彩的文章。
(20)She did some pretty sketches. 她畫了幾張漂亮的素描。
(21)Jane did most of the talking. 大部分時(shí)間是簡在說話。
(22)Who does the cooking? 誰做飯?
(23)She’s doing her knitting. 她在織毛線。

不及物動(dòng)詞

1)這類動(dòng)詞都不跟賓語,例如:
(1)I itch all over.我渾身發(fā)癢。
(2)She flushed and made no answer. 她臉紅了,沒有回答。
(3)When did it happen? 這事什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的?
(4)He was shivering all over. 他渾身發(fā)抖。
下面這些動(dòng)詞通常作不及物動(dòng)詞:
ache      appear       arise       belong         blush          collapse
come      cough        crawl       creep          cry            decay
depart    deteriorate  die         dine           disappear      doze
drift     economize    elapse      erupt          evaporate      exist
expire    faint        fall        flourish       flow           gallop
gleam     glide        go          growl          happen         hesitate
howl      itch         kneel       laugh          lie            live
moan      occur        pause       persist        plunge         prosper
quiver    remain       rise        roar           scream         shiver
sigh      sit          slip        smile          snarl          sneeze
snore     soar         sob         sparkle        stink          spring
stroll    subside      sulk        swim           throb          travel
vanish    vibrate       waver      weep           yawn
2)有些動(dòng)詞在多數(shù)情況下用作vi.(不及物動(dòng)詞),間或用作vt.(及物動(dòng)詞),這時(shí)意思不同:
用作vi.                                                      用作vt.
She doesn’t run fast.她跑得不快。                  She runs a store. 她經(jīng)營一家商店。
They advanced 40 miles.                                       

He advanced a new theory.          

  The sun is shining. 陽光燦爛。                          Shine your shoes. 把你的皮鞋擦一擦。
Why are you crying? 你為什么哭。                    She cried herself to sleep. 她哭著哭著睡著了。
還有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞通常作vi.,但可跟同源賓語,如laugh,smile,sleep,live等詞都如此。
3)還有些動(dòng)詞經(jīng)常和某個(gè)介詞連用,如:
(1)The plan depends on the weather. 這計(jì)劃得靠天氣決定。
(2)She objected to the idea. 她反對(duì)這個(gè)主意。
(3)Don’t refer to that matter again. 不要再提此事。
(4)I care very little for fame now. 我現(xiàn)在對(duì)名氣不怎么在乎。
常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有:
abound in (with)       adhere to        alternate with      amount to
appeal to              aspire for       assent to           associate with
believe in             belong to        bow to              care for
cling to               complain of      conform to          consist of (in)
content with           contribute to    depend on           dictate to
differentiate between  embark on        emerge from         end with (in)
feed on                flirt with       hint at             hope for
hunger after (for)     improve on       indulge in          insist on
lead to                learn of         listen to           long for
object to              plot against     prevail on          profit by (from)
refer to               relate to        rely on             resort to
result in              shrink from      strive for          suffer from
sympathize with        think of         tire of             trample on
wait for (on)          yearn for

◆兼作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的詞

英語中大部分動(dòng)詞都既可作vt.,也可作vi.,只能作一種動(dòng)詞而不能作另一種動(dòng)詞的是少數(shù)
兼作兩種動(dòng)詞的情況很多,大致上有下面這些情況:
1) 用于一個(gè)意義時(shí)為vt.,用于另一個(gè)意義時(shí)為vi.:
        用作vt.                                                      用作vi.
Happy to meet you. 見到你很高興。         When shall we meet? 我們何時(shí)碰頭?
Mind the dog. 當(dāng)心有狗。                           I’m sure he won’t mind. 我肯定他不會(huì)在意。
She couldn’t stand the cold. 她受不了嚴(yán)寒。   Don’t stand in the rain. 別站在雨里。
Don’t move my things. 別動(dòng)我的東西。           The train is moving now. 火車開動(dòng)了。
Smoking hurts you. 吸煙對(duì)你有害。               My head hurts. 我頭疼。
He hanged himself in sorrow.                            Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.
在悲痛中他懸梁自盡。                                         她的畫像掛在壁爐臺(tái)上方。

因此,在學(xué)某一個(gè)具體的動(dòng)詞時(shí),要經(jīng)常注意它在什么時(shí)候用作vt.,什么時(shí)候用作vi.。
2) 有些動(dòng)詞在意思基本上不變的情況下,有時(shí)用作vt.,有時(shí)用作vi.,例如:
            用作vt.                                               用作vi.
Can you help me? 你能幫我嗎?               Every little helps. (諺)積少成多。
Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。                      We eat at six. 我們六點(diǎn)吃飯。
She isn’t going to marry him.                    Don’t marry in haste. 不要匆忙結(jié)婚。
She’s studying medicine. 她在學(xué)醫(yī)。             She studies hard. 她學(xué)習(xí)很用功。
3) 有些動(dòng)詞通常作及物動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)賓語不必講出(從上下文中可以看出),因此也就成了不及物動(dòng)詞,如:
(1) His father came yesterday.——Yes, I know (it).他父親昨天來了?!堑?,我知道。
(2)  I’m sure she didn’t notice (it). 我肯定她沒注意(此事)。
(3) Oh, yes. Now I remember (it). 啊,是的。我想起來了。
(4) “What’s his name?” “I forgot (it).” “他叫什么名字?”“我忘了?!?br> (5) He aimed at the black spot and missed (it). 他瞄準(zhǔn)黑點(diǎn)但沒擊中。
(6) Why didn’t you answer (me). 你為什么不回答(我)?
(7) He didn’t understand (it) very well. 他很不理解。
(8) Who won (the game)? 誰贏了比賽?
4) 還有些動(dòng)詞可作vt.,也可作vi.,后面可跟介詞短語:
        作vt.                                                  作vi.
I’ll fight you. 我來和你打。               They fight with each other. 他們互相斗毆。
He wandered the streets.他在街上漫步      They wandered in the park. 他們在公園里漫步。
5) 有些動(dòng)詞,隨著主語不同而可用作vt.或vi.,例如:
         作vt.                                                                     作vi.
The continual strain aged her. 持續(xù)的勞累使她衰老。    He’s ag(e)ing fast. 他老得很快。
Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes. 把土豆煮20 分鐘。     The water is boiling. 水開了。
Take care not to break it. 小心別把它打破了。        Brittle things break easily. 脆的東西容易破碎。
這類動(dòng)詞很多,常見的如:
age        bake        begin        bend       boil        break
burn       burst       change       close      continue    cook
crack      darken      decrease     disperse   double      drown
dry        empty       end          finish     fly         grow
improve    increase    meet         open       park        roast
rock       rot         run          sail       shake       shatter
show       shrink      shut         slow       sound       spin
split      spread      stand        start      stick        stop
stretch    swing       tear         thicken    turn         widen

◆不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞:
(1) He could not account for his absence from school. 他無法解釋他為什么缺課。
(2) I called on her this morning. 今早我拜訪了她。
(3) I ran across her in the library yesterday. 昨天我在圖書館碰到了她。
(4) You’d better wait and watch for a better chance. 你最好等等,留心更好的機(jī)會(huì)。
常見的這類成語動(dòng)詞有:
abide by       account for       allow for     ask after       bank on
break into     break with       bump into    burst into     call for
call on        care for         come across   come by       come for
come into      come to           come upon     count on        dawn on
deal with      dispose of       draw on       drive at       dwell on
embark on      enter into       fall into     feel for     frown upon
get at         get into          get over      go about        go for◆有些不及物動(dòng)詞可以跟副詞也可以跟介詞構(gòu)成成語動(dòng)詞:
不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞                               不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞
We mustn’t lag behind.              We mustn’t lag behind others.

我們不能落后。                        我們不能落在別人后面。

Let’s all join in.                  He joined in the march.

咱們都參加進(jìn)去。                       他參加了游行。
3) 及物動(dòng)詞+副詞:
(1)He is trying to bring about a reconciliation. 他在努力促成和解。
(2)I’ll try to hurry him up. 我來設(shè)法催促他。
(3)The trolley-bus stopped to put down three passengers. 電車停下來,讓三位乘客下車。
(4)They are going to knock down those old houses. 他們要拆掉那些老房子。
這類成語用詞很多,常見的有下面這些:
add up        answer back       back up       beat up        blow up
break in      break off       break up    bring about  bring forward
bring in      bring off         bring up      call back      call off
call out      carry off         carry on      carry out      catch up
check in      check out        cheer up      clean out     close down
count out     cover up          cross out     cut down       cut off
cut out       dig up            drag in       drag out       draw up
dress up      drink up          drive out     eat up         fight off
fill up       find out          finish up     fix up         follow up

◆也有部分成語動(dòng)詞是由及物動(dòng)詞+介詞構(gòu)成的,如:
(1) Don’t build on his promises. 不要信賴他的諾言。
(2) He talked me into changing my job. 他說服我改換了工作。
(3) They showed her round the house. 他們帶她在屋里到處看了看。
(4) She set the children against their father. 她讓孩子們反對(duì)他們的父親。
4) 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞:
還有一部分成語動(dòng)詞由三個(gè)詞構(gòu)成,即“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”,介詞后跟賓語,如:
(1) I can’t put up with these noisy people. 我無法忍受這些嘈雜的人。
(2) You might come up against a bit of opposition. 你可能會(huì)遭到一點(diǎn)反對(duì)。
(3) Don’t look down on this kind of work. 不要看不起這種工作。
(4) I’m looking forward to her arrival. 我期盼著她的到來。
這類成語動(dòng)詞常見的有:
be in for        boil down to        brush up on         call out for
catch up with     come down on      come down to       come down with
come in for       come out against     come out in        come out of
come out with     come up against      come up to         come up with
crack down on     cry out against      cry out for         cut back on
date back to      do away with         face up to         fall back on
fall in with      get away with        get down to         get off with
get on to         get on with          get round to        go back on
go in for         go off with          go over to       go through with
grow out of       keep in with         keep on at          keep up with
lead up to        live up to        look down on     look forward to
look out for      look up to         make away with       make off with
5) 包含名詞的動(dòng)詞成語:
有些由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的成語包含有一個(gè)名詞,多數(shù)語言學(xué)家都不把它們歸入成語動(dòng)詞范圍之內(nèi),但它們的作用和成語動(dòng)詞是差不多的。這類成語可分為以下三類:
a. 動(dòng)詞+名詞
bear a grudge              break the ice               catch fire
change one’s mind          do right (wrong)          face the music
give a way                   go halves              have one’s way
hold one’s breath           hold one’s tongue           hold water
keep company               keep one’s head         keep one’s temper
keep one’s words           keep silence            lead the way
b. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
attach importance to        catch glimpses of         catch sight of
find fault with             get hold of                get rid of
get wind of                 give credit for           give place to
give rise to                give thought to            give voice to
have confidence in          have control of           have design on
have pity on                  keep pace with           lay hold of
c. 動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞:
bring to an end             bring to light          bring to power
bring under control          burst into tears        call to mind
call to order               catch by surprise         come into being
come into blossom           come into conflict        come into effect

d.vt.+sb.+介詞+(doing)sth.:

blame sb. for doing sth.       criticize sb. for doing sth.  

forgive sb. for doing sth.     excuse sb. for doing sth.    

pardon sb. for doing sth.      punish sb. for doing sth.

scold sb. for doing sth.       thank sb. for doing sth.

cheat sb.into doing sth.       trick sb.into doing sth.

fool sb.into doing sth.        force sb.into doing sth.

argue sb.into doing sth.       talk sb.into doing sth.

terrify sb.into doing sth.     frighten sb.into doing sth.

2. 系動(dòng)詞

系動(dòng)詞有下面這些:
appear     be      become      fall      feel     get   go    grow  keep       look    prove      remain      run     seem       smell  sound      stay     taste       turn
1) be:
這個(gè)系動(dòng)詞用得最多,后面可以跟各式各樣的表語:
(1) She’s a good swimmer. 她是位游泳好手。(跟名詞)
(2) Be quiet! 安靜點(diǎn)?。ǜ稳菰~)
(3) He isn’t in at the moment. 他此刻不在家。(跟副詞)
(4) He has been in Germany for five years. 他在德國住了五年。
(5) Who is she? 她是誰?(跟代詞)
(6) To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通,事事稀松。(跟不定式)

還可用于許多成語中,如be in,be off,be on,be over,be through,be fond of,be sure of,be tired,be careful of,be mindful of,be keen on,be weary of,be productive of 等。
2) appear:后面主要跟:
a. 形容詞或過去分詞:
(1) He appeared quite well. 他似乎身體很不錯(cuò)。
(2) She appeared perplexed. 她顯得有些困惑。
b. 跟名詞:
(1) It appears (to be) a true story. 它似乎是一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事。
(2) He didn’t want to appear a fool. 他不想顯得像一個(gè)傻瓜。
c. 跟從句:

 It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music. 似乎他對(duì)音樂有著非凡的鑒賞力。
3) become:后面可跟:
a. 形容詞:

 She had become quite familiar with this seaside city. 她對(duì)這座海濱城市已非常熟悉。
b. 過去分詞:

 She was becoming annoyed with me. 她對(duì)我變得有些不高興。
c. 名詞:

 She talked to me about becoming a teacher. 她和我談起要當(dāng)老師的事。
4) fall:后面可跟:
a. 形容詞(只限于少數(shù)形容詞):
(1) Soon she fell asleep. 不久他就睡著了。
(2) He has fallen ill (sick). 他生病了。
還可用于fall vacant,fall silent等。
b. 名詞:
(1) They didn’t want to fall a victim to mammonism. 他們不愿成為拜金主義。
(2) I fell a prey to evil dreams. 我常常受噩夢的折磨。
5) feel:
這個(gè)詞有兩重意思,一個(gè)主要意思是“感覺(如何)”,后面可跟:
a. 形容詞(大量形容詞可以和feel連用):
 (1)I don’t feel very well. 我感到不大舒服。
 (2)I’ve been feeling awfully bad about it. 對(duì)此我感到很難受。
b.過去分詞:
 He felt troubled and distressed. 他感到很煩惱痛苦。
 I feel puzzled and upset. 我感到困惑煩亂。
c.介詞短語:
I feel at ease with her. 我和她在一起感到輕松自在。
She no longer felt in fighting mood. 她不再感到有旺盛的斗志。
還可表示“摸起來(如何)”:
It feels rough on the surface. 它的表面摸上去很粗糙。
Ice feels cold. 冰摸起來很涼。
6) get:  后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞(大量形容詞可以和get連用):
 The weather is getting quite warm. 天氣變得相當(dāng)暖和。
 I hope you won’t get over-tired. 希望你不要過度勞累。
b.過去分詞:
 I get more and more absorbed in the work here. 我對(duì)這里的工作越來越投入了。
 Don’t get caught in the rain. 別讓雨淋著。
c.現(xiàn)在分詞:
 We’d better get moving. 我們最好開始動(dòng)身。
 Then they got chatting together. 后來他們在一起聊了起來。
d.名詞:
 You’re getting quite a lad now. 你快長成大小伙子了。
 He’s getting a bad influence on my children. 他在對(duì)我的孩子產(chǎn)生壞影響。
e.介詞短語:
 It’s getting near dinner-time. 快到吃飯時(shí)間了。
 We’ll let you know as soon as production gets under way. 生產(chǎn)一上軌道我們就通知你。
7) go: 在多數(shù)情況下都跟形容詞,但只能跟某些形容詞,如:
 She went pale at the news. 聽了這消息她臉色發(fā)白。
 He went mad (insane). 他瘋了。
另外還可跟white,gray,purple,red,hungry,sour,bad,bald,tired,sick,blind,sentimental,wrong,bankrupt,broke,rotten,independent,dead,lame等。
此外,還可跟:
a. 過去分詞:
His complaints went unnoticed. 他的抱怨沒人理會(huì)。
All the men there go armed. 那里的男人都帶武器。
b. 介詞短語:
This went out of fashion years go. 這許多年前就已過時(shí)了。
He went off his head. 他昏了頭。
c. 名詞:
Her rosy face went the colour of cream. 她紅紅的臉變成了乳白色。
Her checks went a very pretty pink. 她的雙頰變成了漂亮的粉紅色。
8) grow:  這個(gè)詞主要跟形容詞,如:
The dispute grew more violent. 爭論越來越激烈。
The noise grew louder. 聲音越來越大。
此外還跟cold, hot, calm, old, big, thin, bright, stuffy, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, fat, dark, fierce, serious, loud, intimate, tall等。
還可跟過去分詞:
You’ll grow used to it. 對(duì)此你會(huì)習(xí)慣的。
I grow excited and red-eared, and a little frightened. 我變得興奮起來了,耳朵也紅了,還有點(diǎn)害怕。
偶跟介詞短語:
It has grown out of fashion. 它已經(jīng)不時(shí)興了。
These ideas have grown out of date. 這些觀念已經(jīng)陳舊了。
9) keep:
在用作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)他后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
The whether is keeping fine. 天氣一直很晴朗。
I hope you are keeping well. 我希望你身體(保持)健康。
后面還可以跟quiet, silent, calm, fit, cool, warm, fine, close, near等。
b. 副詞:
Danger! Keep out!危險(xiǎn)!切勿靠近!
He kept apart from the other students. 他不和別的學(xué)生待在一起。
c. 介詞短語:
Please try to keep out of the way. 勞駕,請(qǐng)別擋道。
We must keep in close contact with the media. 我們必須與新聞媒體保持密切聯(lián)系。
10) look: 做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“看起來…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
She looked nervous and apologetic. 她顯得緊張并有歉意。
The case looks promising. 這案子看起來很有希望。
b. 過去分詞:
He looked startled when she came in. 她進(jìn)來時(shí),他顯得很吃驚。
She looked very concerned and troubled. 她看上去非常憂慮苦惱。
c. 名詞:
Now she looked a grown-up young woman. 現(xiàn)在她看起來已是一個(gè)成年的姑娘了。
He looked sadness itself. 他顯得很凄傷的樣子。 
d. 介詞短語:
He looked in splendid health. 他看上去身體很棒。
The whether doesn’t look like clearing up. 天看起來不像會(huì)放晴。
還可以跟副詞、數(shù)詞等:
He looks awfully down.他顯得很消沉的樣子。
She looks about fourteen. 她看起來約莫十四歲。
11)  prove: 這個(gè)詞作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“事實(shí)證明”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
Treat us well: we shall not prove ungrateful. 好好待我們,我們不會(huì)忘恩負(fù)義的。
The extra room proved very useful. 這間備用房間證明是很有用的。
b. 名詞:
This would prove an excellent weapon. 這會(huì)證明是極好的武器。
It might prove the best plan. 這或可證明是最好的計(jì)劃。
c. 介詞短語:
Her advice proved of great value to our test. 她的意見證明對(duì)我們的試驗(yàn)很有價(jià)值。
12) remain:
這個(gè)詞有時(shí)用作系動(dòng)詞,表示“繼續(xù)(處于某種狀態(tài))”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
For a whole day the enemy remained inactive. 一整天敵人都沒有動(dòng)靜。
Perhaps he could be induced to remain silent. 或許能勸他保持沉默。
b. 過去分詞:
She still remained unconvinced. 她仍然不相信。
But they remained unfinished. 但他們?nèi)匀粵]完成。
c. 現(xiàn)在分詞:
She remained standing for a good hour. 她站了足有一個(gè)鐘頭。
They remained listening. 他們?nèi)匀辉诼犞?br> d. 名詞:
She remained the same Constance. 她還是原來的康氏坦絲。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他為什么這樣做將永遠(yuǎn)是個(gè)謎。
e. 介詞短語:
You can’t let the room remain like this! 你不能讓房間老是這樣!
They still remained at the mercy of the terrorists. 他們?nèi)匀宦犎慰植婪肿拥臄[布。
13) Seem: 這是一個(gè)常用的系動(dòng)詞,表示“看來”、“似乎”,后面可跟:
a. 形容詞:
She seems happy to me. 在我看來她似乎很愉快。
It seems probable that I’ll be sent abroad next year. 看來我明年有可能被派往國外。
b. 分詞:
He seems rather agitated. 他好像相當(dāng)焦慮不安。
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏熱情。
c. 名詞:
It seems to me (to be) the best solution. 在我看來這似乎是最好的解決辦法。
She seemed an unusually clever girl. 她似乎是一個(gè)聰明絕頂?shù)墓媚铩?br> d. 介詞短語:
He seemed out of humour. 他好像情緒不佳。
She seemed in high spirits. 她似乎情緒高昂。

14)turn: 作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)主要表示“變得(成)…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容詞:
He turned rather pink. 他的臉紅了。
It’s turned awfully chilly. I think it’s going to snow. 天變得冷極了,我想要下雪了。
b. 名詞:
He has turned traitor(Mahammedan). 他成了叛徒(回教徒)。
She turned botanist. 她成了植物學(xué)家。

3. 助動(dòng)詞

1)be,  have,  do都可用作助動(dòng)詞:
 a. be 可構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)和復(fù)合謂語:
She is writing a novel. 她在寫小說。(進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
What have you been doing? 你干什么來著?(進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
She was given a warm welcome. 她受到熱烈歡迎。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The case is being investigated. 這個(gè)案子正在調(diào)查。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
How are you to explain all this? 這一切你怎么解釋?(復(fù)合謂語)
b. have可構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):
She’d (had) been out shopping. 她出去買東西了。(完成時(shí)態(tài))
They have set up a network of financial advice centers. 他們建立了一個(gè)金融咨詢中心網(wǎng)。(完成時(shí)態(tài))
She’d (had) been doing some research work. 她一直在做研究工作。(完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
That was the letter we’d (had) been expecting. 這正是我們在期待的信。(完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
c. do 可構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句,用于強(qiáng)調(diào)或代表前面動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù):
When did she get there? 她什么時(shí)候到的?(疑問句)
He doesn’t know anything about it. 他對(duì)此一無所知。(否定句)
Do stay for a couple more days. 務(wù)請(qǐng)?jiān)俅齼扇臁#◤?qiáng)調(diào))
He speaks English better than I do.他英文講得比我好。(代表前面的動(dòng)詞)
2)shall, will, should, would:
這幾個(gè)詞都可用作助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)有一定的意思,接近一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:
a. will主要來構(gòu)成將來時(shí)態(tài),可用于多個(gè)人稱(will not ??删o縮為won’t):
When will you be back? 你什么時(shí)候回來?
I’ll let you know in a day or two. 一兩天后我將通知你。
They won’t let you down. 他們不會(huì)讓你失望的。
b. shall 主要用在第一人稱作主語的問句中,征求對(duì)方意見:
Shall I wait for you? 我要不要等你?
Shall we meet again tomorrow? 明天咱們要不要再碰頭?
How shall I help you? 我該怎么幫助你?
在英國,也有人把它用于第一人稱的肯定句或否定句(在口語中shall not 可緊縮為shan’t)
I shall often be coming to Pisa. 我會(huì)時(shí)常到比薩來。
We shan’t be coming back today. 我們今天不回來了。
c. would主要用來構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)態(tài),可用于多個(gè)人稱:
I knew you would agree. 我知道你會(huì)同意的。
I asked if he would come and join us. 我問他是否愿意來參加我們的活動(dòng)。
I asked that I would arrange everything. 我說我會(huì)安排一切的。
也可用來提出請(qǐng)求、看法等:
Would you please look over my essay? 可否勞駕看一遍我的文章?
What would you like? 你愿意要什么?
I’d go there with you. 我愿和你一道去。
還可用于虛擬條件句中:
I would do it if I could. 如果我有能力我會(huì)這樣做的。
If he were in town, he’d help. 如果他在城里,他會(huì)幫忙的。
d. should間或還用來構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)(但大多數(shù)人已改用would), 用在第一人稱后:
we never thought we should (would) see you again. 我們以為不會(huì)再見到你了。
The weather report said that we should have rain. 天氣預(yù)報(bào)說會(huì)下雨。
目前更多用來表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”(a)或用在某些從句中(b):
a. You should do it for your own good. 為了你自己好,你應(yīng)當(dāng)去做。
Why should I pay him? 我為什么該付他錢?
b. He wrote, suggesting that we should go to Paris. 他來信了,建議我們?nèi)グ屠琛?br> It is dreadful that they should be so miserable. 他們竟然這樣悲慘,太可怕了。
We hid it so that he should not see it. 我們把它藏了起來以免被他看到。
4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

can, could, may, might, must:
這五個(gè)詞都是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,它們和一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語,各有一定的意思,
各有一定的意思,在各個(gè)人稱后形式都一樣。
a. can 主要表示“能夠”、“可以”(它的否定形式can not ??s寫為can’t)
Who can prove it? 誰能證明這一點(diǎn)?
These difficulties, we can and must overcome. 這些困難我們能夠也必須克服。
I’m like that, you can’t alter me. 我就是這樣,你沒法改變我。
He can’t be more than thirty. 他不會(huì)超過三十歲。
b. could可以作can 的過去式,表示它的多種意思:
He could not follow their argument. 他聽不明白他們的爭論。
He said he couldn’t come. 他說他不能來。
Mother said we couldn’t go out at night. 媽媽說晚上我們不能出去。
也可比較委婉地提出請(qǐng)求或看法等:
Could you lend me your car? 你能把車借給我嗎?
Yes, his story could be true. 對(duì),這個(gè)說法可能是真的。
I could come earlier, if necessary. 如果必要我可以來早點(diǎn)。

c. may主要表示“可能”、“或許”:
She may come tonight. 她今晚可能來。
They may be in the library now. 他們現(xiàn)在或許在圖書館。
也可用在問句中表示“可否”,用在陳述句中表示“可以”:
May I come round in the morning? ——yes, please do. 我可否早上來? ——可以
May he go there with you? ——yes, he may. 他可以和你一起去嗎?——可以
You may come again tomorrow. 你可以明天再來。
d. might 可以作may 的過去式:
He thought she might be in her office. 他想她或許在辦公室里。
I was afraid you might not be in. 我擔(dān)心你可能不在家。
He died so that others might live. 他犧牲了,要求別人能活下去。
有時(shí)可表示現(xiàn)在情況(和may一樣),只是口氣婉轉(zhuǎn)一些:
Might I have a little more? 我能再多要一點(diǎn)嗎?
You might just give me half a cup. 你可以給我半杯。
You might have some fever. 你可能有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。
e. must 主要表示“必須”、“一定要”,可用于任何時(shí)間:
We must leave early. 我們必須及早動(dòng)身。
You must finish everything in time. 你一定要及時(shí)干完一切。
I must be off now. 我得走了。
否定式must not 常縮寫mustn’t, 表示“一定不要”:
You mustn’t forget to phone her. 你一定不要忘了給她打電話。
You mustn’t be late again. 別再遲到了。
在回答包含must的問句時(shí),若是肯定回答可用must, 若為否定回答,要
用needn’t:
Must we finish everything tonight? 一切都要今晚完成嗎?
Yes, you must. 是的,必須今晚完成。
No, you needn’t. 不,不必今晚完成。
此外還有半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如dare, need)和相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)(如have to. Ought to 等)。

 

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