2014中考英語(yǔ)備考資料：語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)之部分名詞用法The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。可當(dāng)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞：She lives alone. 她獨(dú)居。Can you move the stone alone? 你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎? Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。 (注意：不可說(shuō)very alone. 但可說(shuō)very much alone.) 2lonely, “孤獨(dú)的;寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞。 可在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)：The old man is lonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。 He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多親戚，但感到孤獨(dú)。 (lonely 和心理感受有關(guān)，而alone和心理感受無(wú)關(guān)。) 也可在名詞前作定語(yǔ)：a lonely person一位孤獨(dú)的人 a lonely village一個(gè)偏僻的村莊 (而alone不可作定語(yǔ)) 56.belong to與be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人) This suit is mine / Lucy’s / my son’s / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名詞性物主代詞。) 57.by常見(jiàn)用法：1“通過(guò)”I study English by memorizing grammar. You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike. 2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow? The train had left by the time he got there. 3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun. 4“經(jīng)過(guò)”He passed by me without noticing me. 5“在……旁邊”Sit by me. They are playing by the river. 58.部分用in的短語(yǔ)： in a good way(用一個(gè)好方法), in the open air(在露天場(chǎng)所) 2that與上文所說(shuō)是同一類，但不是同一個(gè)，常指不可數(shù)名詞。 The food in China is quite different from that in America. The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu. that也可指上文所說(shuō)的事： A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I’m sorry to hear that. 3 this 更多指下文所說(shuō)的事：The reason is this : ……….. 4one 指代上文所說(shuō)的某類可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，指同一類物但不是同一個(gè)。 This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那個(gè)) 77.at / by the end of, in the end 的區(qū)別： 1at the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)或地點(diǎn)，“在…的盡頭，在…的末尾” They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (時(shí)間) He put some books at the end of the bed. (地點(diǎn)) 2by the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)，“截止到…末” 若接過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month. 若接將來(lái)的時(shí)間，常用一般將來(lái)時(shí)：We shall finish the work by the end of next month. 3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短語(yǔ)： They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village. 78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地點(diǎn)“已去了…(還未回來(lái))” -I can’t find those children, where are they? -They have gone to the farm. (去了農(nóng)場(chǎng)，不在這兒) 2have been to+地點(diǎn)“去過(guò)…(原來(lái)去過(guò)，現(xiàn)在已回) ”句尾常接次數(shù)或多個(gè)地點(diǎn) 或before，或句中常有ever, never等。 She has been to Qingdao three times. I have been to two big cities. Have you been to Dalian before? I have never / ever been to Dalian. I have never been there before. Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(此行省略了to) 3have been in + 地點(diǎn)，“已在…(多久了) ”句尾常接for + 時(shí)間段，或since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn) / 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子。 Peter has been in China for a long time. I’ve been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短語(yǔ)省略了in) 79.all / whole用法：all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠詞the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole day… 【whole 在定冠詞the 后】80.a bit / a little區(qū)別：都可作副詞，后直接加形容詞或副詞。 I’m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired. 也都可作代詞(或形容詞)，后接不可數(shù)名詞，但有所不同： I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名詞) 而下文：I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread. (a bit先加of，再跟名詞) 81.“擅長(zhǎng)”與“不擅長(zhǎng)”： “對(duì)…有利”與“對(duì)…有害”： “擅長(zhǎng)”：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math. “不擅長(zhǎng)”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in “對(duì)…有利”：be good for “對(duì)…有害”：be bad for 82. 表數(shù)量的詞與短語(yǔ)的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。 2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可數(shù)名詞。 83.易用錯(cuò)的副詞：1really可修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞，常在它們前面。 I really love reading. I really miss you. (修飾動(dòng)詞) Tom speaks really quickly. 湯姆說(shuō)得非?？?。(修飾副詞) It’s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修飾形容詞) 2very much常修飾動(dòng)詞want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(長(zhǎng)得像…), move(使…感動(dòng)), excite(使…激動(dòng))等等。常在句尾。 Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那兒。 I hate reciting the words very much. 我很討厭背單詞。 He enjoyed the film very much. 他很喜歡這部電影。 He takes after his mother very much. 他長(zhǎng)得很像他媽媽。 (very much 不可修飾形容詞和副詞：I’m happy very much.是錯(cuò)誤的。) 3very修飾形容詞和副詞，放在它們前面： She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly. (very不可修飾動(dòng)詞：I very like English. He very misses you.等類似結(jié)構(gòu)都是錯(cuò)誤的。) 84.常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的詞或短語(yǔ)：for(后加時(shí)間段，句中謂語(yǔ)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞); since(后加時(shí)間點(diǎn)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子，主句謂語(yǔ)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞); How long(對(duì)時(shí)間段或for與since引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，句中謂語(yǔ)也用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) in / all one’s life(在某人一生);in / during the past / last+時(shí)間段 (在最近的…時(shí)間內(nèi)) ;so far(“到目前為止”); ever;never;just;before(參見(jiàn)18之4) ;recently;. —23— yet(用于句尾，用在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中); already (用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陳述句中) 其中ever, just, never, already在句中時(shí)常放在動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞前面。如：He has just gone. 85.形容詞與副詞區(qū)別：1形容詞修飾名詞，作定語(yǔ)(劃線部分)： She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike. 形容詞可在系動(dòng)詞后，作表語(yǔ)(劃線部分)： The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet. 也可放在不定代詞或不定副詞后面作定語(yǔ)： somewhere warm; anything new (另見(jiàn)10) 2副詞(以下劃線部分)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞，也可修飾整個(gè)句子，如以下黑體字。 He ran quickly. Please speak in the class aloud. Tim lives alone. 修飾動(dòng)詞 She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修飾形容詞 He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修飾副詞 Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修飾整個(gè)句子 86.everyday與every day: everyday是形容詞，后接名詞，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副詞，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，“每天”。We speak English every day. 87.everyone與every one: 1everyone“每個(gè)人;大家;所有人”，只指人。 后不接of短語(yǔ)。Everyone is here except Tom. 2every one“每一個(gè)”既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短語(yǔ)。 Every one of us has a dictionary. Every one of the trees is tall. 88.none與no one: 1no one“沒(méi)有一人”只指人, 后不接of短語(yǔ)。 No one has been to Beihai Park. No one told us about it. (以上因后面無(wú)of短語(yǔ)，故不用none) 2none“沒(méi)有人;沒(méi)有任何東西”既可指人，也可指物;既可指可數(shù)名詞，也可指不可數(shù)名詞。后常接of短語(yǔ)。 None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park. (此處指人。因后有of短語(yǔ)，故不用no one) A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None. (對(duì)話中none單獨(dú)用，不指人，故不用no one. 另見(jiàn)114) 89.乘交通工具之表達(dá):1by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前無(wú)冠詞，且不用復(fù)數(shù)) 2on a horseback / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠詞或限定詞) He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you? (注意talk接人和接物時(shí)介詞搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth) 2tell只作及物動(dòng)詞,“告訴;講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)(tell sb sth.) Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news? 3say必須接有內(nèi)容，或邏輯上有內(nèi)容作賓語(yǔ)。 (所接內(nèi)容見(jiàn)以下劃線部分) Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say.. “I disagree with you.” said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say? say 若接sb, 則需先加to: I must say sorry to you. “I overslept this morning.” he said to me. 4speak ●“說(shuō)話”不及物動(dòng)詞。He spoke too fast for me to follow. ●接人時(shí)先加介詞to. May I speak to Mr. Smith? ●可表說(shuō)話的能力。The baby can speak now. 這個(gè)嬰兒現(xiàn)在能說(shuō)話。 There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak. 他的喉嚨有病，說(shuō)不成話。 ●也可譯為“演講，發(fā)言”Who will speak in the meeting? ●也可譯為“說(shuō)”，作及物動(dòng)詞，后接語(yǔ)言。Do you speak English / Chinese? 61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time: sometimes: “有時(shí)”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. (sometimes在be后) I sometimes forgot my homework. (sometimes在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前) Sometimes he becomes very angry. (sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾) some times: “幾次”I have been to Nanjing some times. sometime: “某一時(shí)刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某個(gè)時(shí)候買的它。 We’ll meet again sometime next week. 我們下星期某個(gè)時(shí)候會(huì)再見(jiàn)面的。 some time: “一段時(shí)間”We have to stay here for some time. 62.need 的用法：1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(和can等用法類似，但need只用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中)： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑問(wèn)句的開(kāi)頭) I needn’t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not) 【當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，need無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)變化?！?/span> 2need 可當(dāng)行為動(dòng)詞(和want 等用法類似)： He needs a bike. (后可直接加名詞) I need to go over my lessons. (后可接帶to不定式) Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑問(wèn)句中do, does, did在句首) We don’t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前) 【 注：need 后接表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，可表達(dá)為： The TV needs to be repaired. = The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 與deal with: 都譯為“處理，對(duì)付，安排，應(yīng)付” What have you done with the milk? 用what提問(wèn)。 How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提問(wèn)。 下面兩句由此而來(lái)：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原則：常見(jiàn)的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong. There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型) Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work. Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before. 65.主謂一致：One / Neither of you is right. (單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)) Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主語(yǔ)是Tom, 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)) This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主語(yǔ)是pair, 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)) The shoes look beautiful. (此句主語(yǔ)無(wú)pair, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)) Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (此結(jié)構(gòu)中用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)) The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic. (the 加形容詞表一類人或物，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)) Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫婦 (復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)) The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教師兼作家, 一個(gè)人，單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。 Both you and I are excited about the news. (both…..and …做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)) the number of與a number of參見(jiàn)39. (分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見(jiàn)50, 其它見(jiàn)74之5) 66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，不定冠詞常放在后面。 It’s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy. It’s such an important lesson.(另見(jiàn)33) Lily is really a lazy girl. 67.部分用what 提問(wèn)的句型： What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的? What will you do with the problem? 你將怎樣處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題? What’s the population of China? 中國(guó)的人口是多少? What day is it today?今天星期幾? What’s the date today? 今天幾月幾號(hào)? What’s the price of this one? 這個(gè)價(jià)錢是多少? What’s your address? 你的地址是什么? What’s your phone number? 你的電話號(hào)碼是多少? 68.there be部分用法：●there be 后跟的是名詞。如：There will be rain tomorrow. 此處名詞rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。 ●常有以下結(jié)構(gòu): there may / will / must / is going to / used to /…be. … ●there be中不可再出現(xiàn)have / has / had (譯為“有”) 的詞。 ●there be 后接的是表示泛指的名詞，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk. There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf. ●There is only a student taking notes now. (劃線部分邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞加ing) There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do. (劃線部分邏輯上不是主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞常用帶to 不定式。) ●反意疑問(wèn)句用法見(jiàn)45。 69.常見(jiàn)表否定的詞或短語(yǔ):no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前綴如dis--, un--, in--, im--, mis--或后綴如—less等詞并不表否定。) 有些詞或短語(yǔ)有時(shí)在某些句型中也相當(dāng)于否定，如without, too…to… without anything, too tired to go any further 70.常見(jiàn)后接動(dòng)詞原形的詞或短語(yǔ): why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，等等。 (have“使、讓”，可接動(dòng)詞原形，其它用法，另見(jiàn)36) 【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 動(dòng)原; 而please加don’t + 動(dòng)原】 71.常見(jiàn)后接動(dòng)詞ing的詞或短語(yǔ)：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / prefer…to…/ can’t help(禁不住) / be busy / be worth(值得) / take turns(輪流) / miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)) / spend / have fun / 介詞等。 72.常見(jiàn)后接帶to不定式的詞或短語(yǔ)：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓勵(lì))/ ask / tell / pretend(假裝) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (為了) 等等。 疑問(wèn)詞后也可跟帶to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主語(yǔ)，后也常有帶to不定式。 【否定形式：以上大多詞 + not + to do sth】 73.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞) 用法：1主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為下列情況時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化： 一般情況：I saw the accident . →The accident was seen by me. We often do homework at night. →Homework is often done at night. 雙賓情況:He told us a story.→We were told a story.(無(wú)to)→A story was told to us.(有to) She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.(無(wú)to)→A pen was passed to me. (有to) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done) 完成時(shí)態(tài)：I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. (have been done) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)其它用法分別見(jiàn)6和36. 2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常跟的介詞：(以下面短語(yǔ)為例) be made in + 地點(diǎn) These watches are made in Shanghai. be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. (仍能看出木頭) be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. (看不出木頭) be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. (用于商業(yè)目的) This machine is used for cutting things. (用于切割東西) be used as …被用來(lái)當(dāng)作…… English is used as a foreign language in China. be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily. be filled with / be covered with是固定短語(yǔ)，分別譯為“被充滿了…”和“被覆蓋著…” The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice. The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees. 74.名詞或所屬格作定語(yǔ)：1強(qiáng)調(diào)性別時(shí)a man doctor / two men doctors ; a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners 被修飾詞是單數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用單數(shù);被修飾詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用復(fù)數(shù)。 2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players a bus station / some bus stations 復(fù)數(shù)只變被修飾的詞, 定語(yǔ)不再變復(fù)數(shù)。 3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / Teachers’ Day / Children’s Day / Nurses’ Day…… “復(fù)數(shù) + ’s ” 作定語(yǔ)，譯為“…的…” 4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此處“單數(shù) + ’s ”作定語(yǔ)。 5and連接的名詞所屬格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers. 分別是兩個(gè)人的爸爸，所以應(yīng)分別加 ’s，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。而下一句： Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting. 兩人共有的爸爸，兩人后只加一個(gè) ’s. 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 75.win與beat區(qū)別：都有“贏”的意思。 win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match. We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我們贏了第一名。 而beat后加的是人，也可譯為“打敗”：I’m afraid they will beat us. I hope we can beat the boys’ team. (男子隊(duì)，相當(dāng)于人。) 76.it / that / this / one當(dāng)代詞時(shí)的部分用法：1it 指上文的某個(gè)事物，和上文是同一個(gè)。 This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所說(shuō)的事： My son has lost himself in the computer games. I’m worried about it. in a hurry(匆忙), in pen / ink(用鋼筆 / 墨水) (見(jiàn)105), in style(時(shí)新的) in the day(在白天)(見(jiàn)92), in different sizes(以不同的大小), in red(穿著紅衣服)in different shapes(以不同的形狀) in a difficult situation(在困難情況下) in good health(身體健康) in a red coat(穿著紅外套)(見(jiàn)46), in English(用英語(yǔ)) in the way(擋道) in a low voice(用低的聲音) in order to(為了，后接動(dòng)詞原形) 59.比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)部分要點(diǎn)：1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式： much / many→more→most bad / badly / ill→worse→worst far→farther / further→farthest / furthest little→less→least few→fewer→fewest old→older / elder→oldest / eldest 2常見(jiàn)比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比較級(jí)) He did better than any other student in the school. (用比較級(jí)。另見(jiàn)48的other用法，)Tom is the cleverest boy in his class. (某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)，用最高級(jí)) He is the taller of the two (boys). (兩者，用比較級(jí)。) (注意：此句型中比較級(jí)前加the。而一般情況下比較級(jí)前不加the.最高級(jí)前才加the.) He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all. He jumped (the) farthest of the four. (以上兩句都指三者或更多，用最高級(jí)。前句因the在形容詞最高級(jí)前，不可省略;而后句因the在副詞前， 可以省略。) Which is better, tea or milk? (兩者選擇，用比較級(jí)。) Which is the best, tea, milk or water? (三者或更多中選擇，用最高級(jí)。) It’s the second longest river in China. (序數(shù)詞后的形容詞或副詞用最高級(jí)形式。) 3“越來(lái)越…”結(jié)構(gòu)：“比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)” He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越來(lái)越厲害了。 She is getting taller and taller. 類似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter / stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse… 多音節(jié)詞或部分雙音節(jié)詞：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully / interesting… 4“越…, 越…” “the+比較級(jí)”分別置于兩句的開(kāi)頭，作為倒裝成份。 The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.英語(yǔ)越困難，你就要越努力。 The younger we are, the more energy we have. 我們?cè)侥贻p，我們就越有活力。 The more you eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就變得越胖。 5“越來(lái)越多的…”more and more + 名詞 (既有可數(shù)名詞，也有不可數(shù)名詞。) More and more people are getting richer and richer. We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water …. (與3所接形 / 副不同) 6“…得多”much + 形容詞 / 副詞比較級(jí) This room is much bigger than that one. 類似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster / earlier / better… 注意多音節(jié)詞或部分雙音節(jié)詞：much more careful / difficult / tiring / mysterious… 7“另外的…(個(gè)) …”結(jié)構(gòu)：數(shù)量 + more + 名詞，如two more students“另兩個(gè)學(xué)生” 以下類似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth, some more meat, a lot more wood, a little more experience, once more = one more time = again. 上述結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another + 數(shù)字 + 名詞替代： five more trees = another five trees (記住詞的位置) (另見(jiàn)48， another) 60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物動(dòng)詞。 Don’t talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study? 3in his / a car (car前用in) 4on foot 5動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ): ride a bike / a horse; drive a car; walk; take a plane / taxi / bus; fly等。 90.kind of 與kinds of: 1kind of 單獨(dú)用，表示“有點(diǎn)”，后接形容詞或副詞： He is kind of thin.”他有點(diǎn)瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有點(diǎn)餓” Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly. 王叔叔說(shuō)得有點(diǎn)快。 2若kind of前有a, this, that, what等，譯為“種，種類” 后加名詞。 That kind of question is difficult to answer. 那類問(wèn)題難回答。 What kind of sport do you like best? 你最喜歡何種運(yùn)動(dòng)? 3熟記一些短語(yǔ)：all kinds of...“各種各樣的...” many kinds of“很多種類的” different kinds of“不同種類的” 后都加名詞。 91.rain / snow / wind的常見(jiàn)修飾詞：a strong wind“一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)” a heavy rain “一場(chǎng)大雨” heavy snow“大雪” (以上修飾詞與后面名詞組成了名詞短語(yǔ)) blow hard“猛烈地吹” snow heavily“下大雪” rain hard / heavily“下大雨” (以上修飾詞與前面動(dòng)詞組成了動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)) 92.day的部分用法：1in eight days“8天后” (in + 時(shí)間段 “….時(shí)間后”. ) 2in the day / daytime“在白天” (前加“in”) 3on Teachers’ Day / May Day on Monday(表節(jié)日或星期幾，前用”on”. 另見(jiàn)110) 4(in) those / these days“在過(guò)去 / 現(xiàn)在”= in the old days (用”in”) 5today, next / last / this / that / every / all day等前面常不加介詞。 93.個(gè)別名詞的部分用法：1family“家庭;家庭成員”指整體時(shí)，表示單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;指成員時(shí)，表示復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式： His family is going to move. My family is large. (以上指整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)) My family are very well.我全家人很健康。 (指成員，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)) 類似的還有：staff(職員)，class, team, public(公眾)，government等. 2有些名詞只表復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)只用復(fù)數(shù)。如people, police, cattle等： The police are searching for a man with a big nose. The cattle have been killed . 3deer, fish，sheep等詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同： a deer (一只鹿) / two deer (兩只鹿) a fish (一條魚) / two fish (兩條魚) a sheep (一只羊) / some sheep (一些羊) 另外fish若表示種類時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)要在后加es: two fishes(兩種魚) 4有些名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有特殊形式：man→men; woman→women; foot→feet; tooth→teeth; mouse→mice; child→children; ox→oxen (公牛) 5有些名詞通常只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 (左右對(duì)稱的)： scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (褲子) glasses(眼鏡) 6有些名詞只是不可數(shù)名詞： It’s such great fun. What fun! What good news! I won’t do anything in such bad weather. Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular. 類似：a piece of chalk much knowledge 94.leave的用法：1leave可指“離開(kāi)”leave Zhengzhou離開(kāi)鄭州 leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan離開(kāi)鄭州到武漢 leave for Wuhan動(dòng)身到武漢 (for后接目的地，而不是出發(fā)地) 2leave留下;忘記 I left my backpack at home. leave后接地點(diǎn)，而forget后無(wú)地點(diǎn)。如：Sorry, I forgot the money. 95. ill與sick的區(qū)別：1都可譯為“生病的”。ill只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)： Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today. 但sick既可作表語(yǔ)： Her mother was sick / ill in bed. (作表語(yǔ)常是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)用法) 也可作定語(yǔ)(即后接名詞)：Jane is taking care of her sick mother. (此處是定語(yǔ)，不可用ill. 原因見(jiàn)下文ill用法) 2若ill作定語(yǔ)，譯為“壞的，惡劣的”an ill person一個(gè)壞人 sick作表語(yǔ)時(shí)也常譯為“惡心的，想吐的”。 The boy always feels sick when he travels by car. 96.return用法：1“返回”，相當(dāng)于“go back / get back / come back.. 如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London. (當(dāng)“返回”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，先加to才可再加地點(diǎn)。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.) 2“歸還”，相當(dāng)于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary. (當(dāng)“歸還”時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加物，不加to. 同樣不可再跟back.) You should return the piano to Dick on time. (后接有人時(shí)，方可加to) 97.favourite 與own的類似結(jié)構(gòu): 形容詞性物主代詞 + favorite + 名詞 “某人最喜歡的...”。同樣，形容詞性物主代詞 + own + 名詞“某人自己的...” 如：My favorite animal is dog. He found his own bike. 98.stop / start (begin) / forget (remember) / like / go on等動(dòng)詞： 1stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事。He was tired, so he stopped working. stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)做某事(stop后是將要做的事)。 He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest. 有時(shí)兩種形式會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest. 2start / begin doing / to do 含義基本相同，但以下情況下start / begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter. ★主語(yǔ)是物而不是人時(shí)：The ice began / started to melt. 冰開(kāi)始融化。 ★其后的動(dòng)詞與想法、感情有關(guān)時(shí)：He began / started to understand it. 3forget / remember to do sth. 忘記 / 想起將要做的事。 forget / remember doing sth. 忘記 / 想起已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事。 4◆like doing sth. (因愛(ài)好而喜歡，表示一種習(xí)慣) Jack likes sleeping in the class. (在班睡覺(jué)雖不是好事，杰克卻有這個(gè)愛(ài)好。表習(xí)慣。) Jim doesn’t like helping others. (無(wú)助人的習(xí)慣或愛(ài)好) ◆like to do sth(因明智或正確而喜歡) She likes to help others. (助人正確，所以喜歡。) I don’t like to play in the street. (在大街上玩不明智，故不喜歡) 大多情況下區(qū)別不明顯，接兩形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV. 5go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事(上文所做的事) go on to do sth接下來(lái)做另一件事. 99.人稱代詞形式： 主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞 作主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)后要再接名詞后不再接名詞主賓一致 Imemy ( pen / house...)minemyself you(你)youyour (bag / car...)yoursyourself hehimhis (desk / coat...)hishimself sheherher (hair / books...)hersherself ititits (tail / face...)itsitself weusour (teachers / room...)oursourselves you(你們)youyour (class / city...)yoursyourselves theythemtheir (school / seats...)theirsthemselves (如果動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者，即主語(yǔ)，和動(dòng)詞或介詞后相應(yīng)的賓格代詞是相同的人或物時(shí)， 其賓格代詞要用反身代詞： I teach myself English. We solved the problems ourselves. Lucy hurt herself by accident. You have to take care of yourself.) 100.基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞表示人或物的數(shù)量。序數(shù)詞表示人或物的次序。注意以下幾種形式：one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth (thirty, forty, fifty…..都變y為i加 eth.) 另外，“四十”forty; 無(wú)字母u. “第九”ninth無(wú)字母e. 101.room / space / place: 1room“房間”(可數(shù))a room / two rooms “空間”(不可數(shù))：指可以容納東西或?yàn)槠渌康亩褂玫目臻g。 Could you make room for me? 你能為我讓一下空間嗎? Is there room for me in the car? 車?yán)镉形业奈蛔訂? 2space“空間”普通用語(yǔ)，表示萬(wàn)物存在之處，與“時(shí)間”(time)為相對(duì)概念。 in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空間(太空) time and space時(shí)間和空間 Is there any space for me in the car? 車?yán)镉薪o我留的空間嗎?(此處和room的含義相當(dāng)) 3place“地方”(可數(shù))，指某一具體地點(diǎn)。 I want to live in a place which is warm in winter. 我想住在冬季溫暖的一個(gè)地方。 Mount Chaya is a wonderful place. 嵖岈山是一個(gè)奇妙之地。 102.常見(jiàn)國(guó)籍、人與語(yǔ)言的對(duì)應(yīng)： 1China“中國(guó)” Chinese(無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式)“中國(guó)人(的)/ 中文(的)/ 中國(guó)的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一個(gè) / 兩個(gè)中國(guó)人” Japan, Japanese 和此類似。 2England“英國(guó)(原義：英格蘭)” (= Britain) English(無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式)“英國(guó)人(的)/ 英語(yǔ)(的)/ 英國(guó)的” He is English.(前無(wú)冠詞)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠詞)“他是英國(guó)人” 注意復(fù)數(shù)：They are English. = They are Englishmen. (變?yōu)閙en) 3France“法國(guó)” French(無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式)“法國(guó)人(的) / 法語(yǔ)(的) / 法國(guó)的” The lady is French. (前無(wú)冠詞)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠詞) 注意復(fù)數(shù)：The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen. 4Germany“德國(guó)” German“德國(guó)人(的) / 德語(yǔ)(的) / 德國(guó)的” The boy is a German. (前有冠詞) The boys are Germans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s.) 5America“美國(guó)” American“美國(guó)人(的)/ 美國(guó)的” He is American.(前常無(wú)冠詞) They are Americans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s) 103.易寫錯(cuò)詞形:◆noise(名詞)“噪音”; noisy(形容詞); noisily(副詞) ◆health(名詞)“健康”; healthy(形容詞); healthily(副詞) ◆luck(名詞)“運(yùn)氣”; lucky(形容詞)“幸運(yùn)的”; luckily(副詞) ◆succeed(動(dòng)詞)“成功”; success(名詞); successful(形容詞); successfully(副詞) ◆save(動(dòng))“救”; safe(形)“安全的”; safety(名)“安全，安全場(chǎng)所”safely(副) “安全地” ◆true(形)“真的，對(duì)的”; truly(副)“真正地”; truth(名)“真理, 事實(shí)” ◆terrible(形容詞)“難受的，可怕的”; terribly(副詞)“可怕地” 104. job與work: 1job, 可數(shù)：I have a job as a teacher. Jobs are not easy to get. 2work, 不可數(shù)：I cannot find work in this town. Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen / a pencil / a piece of chalk 2in用寫字材料：write in ink / pen (材料前無(wú)冠詞) 106.時(shí)刻之表達(dá)：1分鐘未過(guò)半點(diǎn) 如7:20→seven twenty→twenty past seven; 2:02→two oh two→two past two 以上情況不可用帶to的表達(dá)，但可用past。 2分鐘已過(guò)半點(diǎn) 如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 以上情況不可用past, 但可用to. 3剛好半點(diǎn)，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4剛好整點(diǎn)，如11:00→eleven o’clock 15:00→fifteen o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 與 for sb的區(qū)別：1It’s kind of you to help me. 你幫助我真好。 解釋：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等詞表示的是人的特點(diǎn)或性格。此句相當(dāng)于在說(shuō)You are kind to help me. 形容詞在描述人而不是事，此情況下介詞用的是of. 又如： It’s very clever of you to do it in such a way. 你用那種方法做它可真太聰明了。(指人聰明) 2It’s easy for you to do the work. 對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)做這事是容易的。 解釋：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等詞如果在句中不反映人的特點(diǎn)或性格，如此句中并不是在說(shuō)You are easy. 而是”To do the work is easy”。不是說(shuō)人，而是說(shuō)事。此情況下介詞用的是for. 又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain. 不是說(shuō)“我們”是危險(xiǎn)的，而是說(shuō)“爬山”這件事是危險(xiǎn)的。故用for. 108. take, bring, fetch與carry: 都譯為“拿”。 ◆take“拿走”，從說(shuō)話人處帶到另一處。 Could you take the rubbish out when you leave? ◆bring“帶來(lái)”，從另一處帶到說(shuō)話人處。 Don’t forget to bring your homework here tomorrow. ◆fetch“去拿來(lái)”，先到另一地拿東西，然后再返回到說(shuō)話人處。 如： When you go back to the classroom, please fetch me my pen. ◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，沒(méi)有特定方向。 Tim is carrying a box. 109. 條件與祈使: 有時(shí)條件句可以與祈使句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。注意以下句子結(jié)構(gòu)有何不同。 1If you work hard, you will achieve your dream. 含條件句，相當(dāng)于： Work hard, and you will achieve your dream. 含祈使句，根據(jù)句意，用and連接后一句子。 2If you don’t listen carefully, you won’t understand it. 相當(dāng)于： Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it. 根據(jù)句意，用or (否則)連接后一句子。 110. in / on / at + 時(shí)間：1in three days (“…時(shí)間后”，常用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。另見(jiàn)92) in September(in跟“月”) in 1998(in跟“年”) in the 1860s(在十九世紀(jì)六十年代) in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night (morning / afternoon / evening / night若無(wú)前置或后置修飾詞時(shí)， 用in the …短語(yǔ)。) (in其它用法見(jiàn)58) 2on Christmas Eve; on October 1st; (on跟“日”) on Sunday evenings; on a cold morning; on a windy night. on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th. (morning / afternoon / evening / night若有前置或后置修飾詞時(shí)，如以上劃線詞， 前面用的是on. 而若是early / late 修飾時(shí)，仍用介詞in. 如：in an early morning ) on Fridays; on New Year’s Day; (另見(jiàn)92) 3at 6:00; at Christmas; at noon; at night 111. one day與someday / some day的區(qū)別： 1one day“某一天，有一天” 既可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也可用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 One day, a stranger came to my house. (指過(guò)去的一天，用過(guò)去時(shí)。) I will achieve my dream one day. 某天我會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的。 (指將來(lái)，用將來(lái)時(shí)) 2someday = some day“ (將來(lái)的)某一天”用一般將來(lái)時(shí)?？梢院蚾ne day互換。 We’ll beat them someday. 有朝一日我們會(huì)打敗他們的。 I’m sure I can win someday. 我確信某天我會(huì)嬴。 112. missing與lost: 都可譯為“丟失的，失蹤的” 但用的分別是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞形式。 My pen is lost / missing. (表語(yǔ)) I’ve found the missing / lost book. (定語(yǔ)) 113.常見(jiàn)部分名詞及其修飾詞：1price(價(jià)格)常用high 與low修飾。 sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低價(jià)出售. The price of the shoes is high / low. 2number(數(shù)量)常用big / large和small修飾：The number of the students is big. 3quality(質(zhì)量，品質(zhì))常用low / poor和high / good修飾。 4population(人口)常用big / large和small修飾：China has a large population. (以上詞都不用many, much修飾。) 114.個(gè)別疑問(wèn)句的常見(jiàn)否定回答： 1What is on the desk? →Nothing. (不用none) 2Who is in the classroom? → Nobody. (不用none) 3How much water is in the bottle? → None. (不用nothing) How many people are in the room? →None. (不用nobody) (how many / much都是對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn)，所以用相應(yīng)表數(shù)量的詞none回答， 而what / who不表數(shù)量，故不用none回答) 115.fun的用法：fun雖然有時(shí)有形容詞的含義，但大多情況下仍然是不可數(shù)名詞。 所以大多仍具備名詞的用法。識(shí)記以下句型或短語(yǔ)，也基本掌握了其用法。 What fun! 多么有趣啊!(what 跟名詞) It’s such great fun. 這可真有趣。(such加名詞) Skating is great fun. 滑冰太有意思了。(be good / great fun) have fun (in) doing sth 做某事很快樂(lè) make fun of 取笑 It sounds like fun. 這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有趣。(like，“像”，加名詞) 116.except / except for / besides: 都譯為“除了…之外” 1except后面的人或物不包括在前面對(duì)象當(dāng)中。 We all failed except him. “我們都失敗了，除了他。” 此話意味著他沒(méi)有失敗?！拔覀儭辈话ā八薄?/span> 2except for 說(shuō)明整個(gè)基本情況后，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以糾正。 The book is good except for its price. 書很好，就是太貴。 He is an able man except for bad memory. 他是個(gè)有才能的人，就是記憶力差了點(diǎn)。 (這一短語(yǔ)有時(shí)也可等同于except以及besides.但暫不要求掌握。) 3besides和except正好相反，后面的人或物包含在前面對(duì)象當(dāng)中。 We all succeeded besides him. 除了他成功外，我們也都成功了。“我們”當(dāng)中包括“他”。 117.常見(jiàn)帶to為介詞而不是不定式的短語(yǔ)： prefer…to…(見(jiàn)27); look forward to …(期待;渴望); pay attention to…(注意); be used to …(習(xí)慣于，見(jiàn)37); (以上短語(yǔ)可接名詞或代詞，若接動(dòng)詞，需用ing形式) the key to…(…的鑰匙, …的答案, 后者等于the answer to); the ticket to…(…的票); the solution to …(…的解決辦法) reply to (….的答復(fù)); lead to …(引起…) 118.because與why的部分用法：若分別引導(dǎo)從句，即在It’s / That’s 等之后，則because后表原因，why后表結(jié)果。如： I came late today. It’s because the bus broke down on the way. 和下文比較：The bus broke down on the way. That’s why I came late. 又如：He broke my window, that’s why I was angry. 和下文比較： I was angry with him, that’s because he broke my window. 119.no與not的區(qū)別： ◇no表“無(wú)，沒(méi)有”接名詞，等于not one, not a, not any: There is no water in the river. (=not any water) I have no book to read. (=I don’t have a book to read.) ◇no表“不許”，不可用not. 如： No parking. 禁止停車 No photos. 不許拍照 ◇no表“不”，后接形容詞或副詞，相當(dāng)于not (any). He feels no worse.他不再感覺(jué)難受了。 =He doesn’t feel any worse. 類似，no more = not any more. ◇在對(duì)問(wèn)題的否定回答時(shí)，要用no，與yes對(duì)應(yīng)。不用not. 見(jiàn)122. 120. That’s all right / All right / That’s right. 的區(qū)別： That’s all right. = That’s OK. “沒(méi)什么，別客氣”，是對(duì)對(duì)方道謝或道歉時(shí)的回答。 All right. = OK. “行，好，可以”，表示同意。 That’s right. = You are right. “你說(shuō)的對(duì);對(duì)”，表示認(rèn)同對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)。 121.on表方式的用法(常譯為“靠，借助”)：I hear music on the radio. He learns English on TV. He found out the information on the Internet. Tom learned the news on the newspaper. John saw Effel Tower on the film. He told me the news on the phone. (注意：TV前無(wú)the.) 122.用yes與no回答時(shí)要注意的問(wèn)題：說(shuō)話人用yes或no回答對(duì)方時(shí)，并不表示對(duì)對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)的贊同或反對(duì)，而是在表達(dá)自己的看法。如下文幾種情況： He isn’t Tom. / He is Tom. Is he Tom? / Isn’t he Tom? He is Tom, isn’t he? / He isn’t Tom, is he? 對(duì)以上各句的回答，若是：Yes, he is.則都指“他是Tom.” 而若用No, he isn’t.回答，則都指“他不是Tom.” 同樣，以下所有句子： Lucy likes music, doesn’t she? / Lucy doesn’t like music, does she? Lucy likes music. / Lucy doesn’t like music. Does Lucy like music? / Doesn’t Lucy like music? 回答人若用yes，都表示Lucy喜歡音樂(lè); 若用no, 都表示Lucy 不喜歡音樂(lè)。 |
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來(lái)自： 紫曦唯冪1 > 《中考英語(yǔ)》
