7、巧記主謂一致原則 有些名詞謂常復(fù),people,police即這般。主語單數(shù)后接介,謂語單數(shù)介無關(guān), many a作主語也如此,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單。or、nor、but also、there be,近主原則掛嘴邊。 關(guān)系代詞定主語,謂語根據(jù)先行詞判。不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞,主語從句謂全單。 時(shí)間、貨幣與距離,謂語多單復(fù)少見,rest,means,fol1owing等,意義決定其復(fù)、單。 none,all,half of等,of之賓語定答案。還有分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù),仍據(jù)of之賓定復(fù)、單。 代詞all指人謂復(fù)數(shù),all指事情謂用單。量詞用法請(qǐng)注意,謂語要隨量詞變。 and連接兩名詞,身兼兩職一定冠,no,each,every后單名,兩件(種)事(物)系一概念, 以上情況請(qǐng)記清,謂語動(dòng)詞全用單。形容詞帶the一類人,姓氏復(fù)數(shù)加定冠, -s結(jié)尾的海峽、山脈與群島,謂語用復(fù)勿用單。neither,either,each,用作主語謂全單。 6、集合名詞的主謂一致原則
Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是學(xué)生。 There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支鋼筆,兩把椅子和一張桌子。 這主要有以下幾種情況。 (1)由or,either…or等連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語 由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not on Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校長(zhǎng)在會(huì)議上對(duì)這些天才的學(xué)生頒獎(jiǎng)。 Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都沒有做完試驗(yàn)。 Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友們錯(cuò)了,就是他哥哥錯(cuò)了。 Not on Not on (2)在主謂倒裝句時(shí) 在主謂倒裝句中,主語并列,謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語相一致。由here或there引導(dǎo)的句子,若有并列主語,謂語也與最靠近的那個(gè)主語一致。 There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房間里有一張書桌、一張飯桌和3把椅子。 There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房間里有3把椅子、一張書桌和一臺(tái)電腦。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在時(shí)妻子和孩子呆在哪兒?2、意義上的一致 意義上的一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞與主語的一致取決于主語所表達(dá)的意義。若主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),而意義上是單數(shù),動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù); 若主語形式上為單數(shù),而意義上為復(fù)數(shù),則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The United States is in North America. 美國(guó)在北美洲。 The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在調(diào)查此事。 2使意義上的一致的情況 (1)由and連接兩個(gè)并列主語 其后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞指同一個(gè)人、同一事物、單一概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),有時(shí)兩個(gè)名詞共用一個(gè)冠詞。 The worker and writer has written a new novel. 這位工人兼作家寫了一部新小說。(兩個(gè)名詞共用一個(gè)冠詞) There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美國(guó)有一個(gè)名叫亞利克斯?哈利的記者兼作家。 Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真誠(chéng)總是上策。 注意:用and連接起來的兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語,謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。 Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。 Time and tide wait/waits for no man .歲月不等人。 (2)形復(fù)意單的名詞作主語 ①復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞(表示國(guó)家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織以及書籍、報(bào)紙、雜志等)做主語,通常作為整體看待,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The United States is in North America.美國(guó)在北美洲。 The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜譚》是流傳世界各地的名著。 The New York Times has a wide circulation.《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》銷路很廣。 注意:表示山脈、群島、瀑布等的專有名詞和以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。 The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿爾卑斯山脈跨越了四國(guó)。 Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亞加拉瀑布沒有維多利亞瀑布高。 The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀請(qǐng)。 There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三個(gè)叫瑪麗、兩個(gè)叫羅伯特的學(xué)生。 ②以-ics結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科的名詞做主語,通常表示單數(shù)意義,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。這類名詞有: physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。 Politics is now taught in all schools.現(xiàn)在各學(xué)校都開設(shè)政治課。 Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是研究工業(yè)、貿(mào)易生財(cái)和用財(cái)之道。 注意:當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞表示有關(guān)方面的活動(dòng)、情況、見解、原理等意思時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 What are his politics?他的政見如何? The economics of national growth are of the greatest imp ③news,maths,plastics,physics,works,means(方法),the United States等雖然以-s結(jié)尾,但意義上作為單數(shù)看待。 “News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集團(tuán)軍司令說:” 隨著我們軍隊(duì)的推進(jìn)勝利的消息接踵而至。” Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us. 數(shù)學(xué)/物理是我們必修的科目。 Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了,但天空還是不晴朗的。 ④成對(duì)的名詞做主語時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。 Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黃油是西方人每天的食品。 His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他無限感覺,無限忠于黨。 ⑤“on On On 注意:“on On There are on (3)有生命的集體名詞作主語 有生命的集體名詞 (如people,police,cattle,militia)作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Cattle are also kept. 還養(yǎng)了一些牛。 There are many people there. 那里有很多人。 The police are looking for the thief. 公安人員在搜尋那個(gè)小偷。 All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。 注意:family,team,class,government,audience,crew,committee等集體名詞,如果作整體看待,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式; 如果作個(gè)別成員看待,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。people作“民族”解時(shí),作單數(shù)用。 Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.張家很大,一共12口人。 The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 這家人正坐在早餐桌旁。 My family is a large on The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同學(xué)正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里做實(shí)驗(yàn)。 The class has won the honour. 這個(gè)班獲得了榮譽(yù)。 The Chinese people is a great people.中華民族是一個(gè)偉大的民族。 (4) 名詞化的形容詞作主語 名詞化的形容詞作主語,按照意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如果指一類人,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果指一個(gè)人或抽象概念,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 這類形容詞有:old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。 The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不開心的時(shí)候。 The wounded is a policeman. 受傷者是一名警察。 The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。 (5) 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語,通??醋饕粋€(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我們離開學(xué)校已經(jīng)20年了。 Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一萬美元是一大筆錢。 Two months is quite a long time. 兩個(gè)月時(shí)間是很長(zhǎng)的。 Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我們做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)兩個(gè)小時(shí)就夠了。 Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離。 注意:如果說話人側(cè)重一個(gè)個(gè)的個(gè)體,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Twenty years have passed since we parted.自從我們分手以后20年己經(jīng)過去了。 (6)“a number of十復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”與“the number of十復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語 “a number of十復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示 “一些、許多”的意思,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); “the number of十復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示 “……的數(shù)目、數(shù)量”,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 邀請(qǐng)來的人數(shù)是50,但很多人因不同的原因沒來。 A number of books are missing from the library. 圖書館丟了許多書。 The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 這家工廠的工人數(shù)目正在增加。 (7)none of和neither of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞作主語 none of和neither of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞時(shí),有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)說話人的意思決定。 None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他們沒有一個(gè)到達(dá)新住宅區(qū)。 None of them have arrived yet. 他們都還沒到。 (8)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of短語”作主語 “分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of短語”作主語,這時(shí)要以of短語中的名詞是否為復(fù)數(shù)而定。 Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.該地區(qū)五分之二的土地為樹木和草所覆蓋。 89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸煙者是男性。 In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美國(guó),75%的谷物用來喂養(yǎng)動(dòng)物。 Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。 Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反對(duì)核計(jì)劃。 (9)表示部分概念或不定數(shù)量的名詞或代詞作主語 表示部分概念或不定數(shù)量的名詞或代詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),應(yīng)根據(jù)后接名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。 這些名間或代詞有all,any,enough,half,more,most,the rest,part,some等。 The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不難上。 The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。 Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分時(shí)間用來讀書。 Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。 Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。 Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些蘋果散落在地上。 (10)兩個(gè)主語,一個(gè)肯定,一個(gè)否定,謂語動(dòng)詞與肯定主語相一致。 The parents, and not the son, were missing.失蹤者不是兒子,而是他的雙親。 1、語法上的一致 所謂語法一致原則,即主語和謂語的語法形式在人稱和數(shù)上取得一致。 謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式而定:主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);主語為單數(shù)或者是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 China belongs to the Third World. 中國(guó)屬于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我們肯定他會(huì)來。 使用語法一致的情況 (1)當(dāng)主語是and,both…and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu) 如果主語指的是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物,則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我媽媽和我已看過這部電影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中國(guó)的這個(gè)地方既種稻子又種小麥。 注意:由and連接的并列主語前面分別有each,every,no修飾時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我國(guó)每一個(gè)男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 師生沒有被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)。 (2)主語后面接說明主語的修飾語 主語后面接說明主語的修飾語如: with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to, 謂語動(dòng)詞不受修飾成分的影響,仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老師和兩個(gè)學(xué)生參加了會(huì)議。 The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 這個(gè)姑娘和男孩子一道,也學(xué)會(huì)了開汽車。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一個(gè)有5000冊(cè)書的圖書館作為禮物贈(zèng)送給了國(guó)家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an imp Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有簡(jiǎn)知道這個(gè)秘密。 All but on (3)非謂語動(dòng)詞或從句作主語 非謂語動(dòng)詞 (動(dòng)詞的-ing形式、不定式)或從句作主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么時(shí)候在什么地方建新工廠還沒定下來。 Checking information is very imp To learn foreign languages is not easy. 學(xué)習(xí)外語并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我們何時(shí)開會(huì)尚未決定。 注意:當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)主語從句或由 and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定。 What we need here is money.我們這里需要的是資金。 What we need here are workers.我們這里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral.說謊與偷竊是不道德的。 (4)each和復(fù)合不定代詞作主語 each和some/any/no//every十body/on anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no on Each is worse than the on Nobody knows the answer. 沒有一個(gè)人知道這答案。 Someone wants to see you. 有人想見你。 Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么東西嗎? There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。 (5)“many a +單數(shù)名詞”作主語 “many a、(很多)/more than on Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多學(xué)生去過北京。 There is more than on (6)“on “on Tom is the on He is the on 注意:如沒有這些限定詞和修飾語,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Tom is on (7)由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名詞作主語 英語中有些由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名稱如g1asses(眼鏡),scissors(剪刀),shorts(短褲),shoes(鞋子),trousers(褲子)等作主語,其后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼鏡碎了,因而看不清楚。 His trousers are made of cotton. 他的褲子是棉布的。 注意:若這類名詞前帶有pair等表示單位的名詞時(shí),則以這些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定動(dòng)詞的形式。 Two pairs of trousers are missing. 兩條褲子不見了。 This pair of shoes is not on sale. 這雙鞋不出售。 |
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