第一，把握題型特征——做題心中有數(shù)

根據(jù)近幾年的高考英語試題可知，有關(guān)中心或主旨的考查形式主要包括主旨大意題、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題、作者意圖題等。這類試題主要考查考生把握全文內(nèi)容或理解中心思想的能力，即歸納概括的能力，歸納文章段落大意、分析作者寫作態(tài)度和寫作意圖的能力。常見的設(shè)題形式有：

The text is mainly about ____.

What would be the best title for the text?

The paragraph  deals with _____.

What is mainly discussed in the text?

…

一篇文章總是表達一個中心或主題。這個中心或主題通常用一個句子來概括，此句叫主題句。由此可知，我們可采用主題句定位法來把握文章的中心或主旨。由于文章的不同，寫作手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。文章的主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾，有時出現(xiàn)在句中。當然更重要的是考生要從全文去把握。一般說來，說明文和議論文多位于文章的開頭。但有時不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。主題句的呈現(xiàn)有以下特點：

⒈ 開門見山。 開門見山提出主題, 隨之用細節(jié)來解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。這也是最常見的演繹法寫作方式?？忌?span>分清main idea 和supporting sentence。

Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.

…

瀏覽完短文后可以看出，main idea為Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious.第一句后面的內(nèi)容為supporting sentences。

⒉ 首尾呼應(yīng)。 為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時再次點出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見。但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或深化。

(首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. ”she said…

…

（尾段）“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. ”Shu said.

考生很容易看出此短文的寫作方法為首尾呼應(yīng)式。

⒊ 先表述細節(jié), 后歸納結(jié)論或結(jié)果。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式。這種寫作方式往往出現(xiàn)在記敘文或夾敘夾議文中。在文章的前面敘述故事的內(nèi)容，最后發(fā)表個人的觀點或談?wù)撟约旱母惺?。因此考生在概括主題時要分清細節(jié)和結(jié)論。

A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. Indeed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.

 結(jié)合這篇短文可知，前面的內(nèi)容陳述的是細節(jié)，最后一句為結(jié)論。主題就顯而易見了。

⒋ 無主題句。 即主題句隱含在短文中, 沒有明確的主題句。 必須根據(jù)文中所提供的事實細節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。

…

Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

…

Q: What is the main idea of the paragraph?　＿＿＿＿

     A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.  

     B. Bingham is a diligent student.　

     C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

     D. A good lawyer needs good education.

【點撥】  此段沒有主題句。本段共四句，只陳述了四個細節(jié)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，每個似乎都對?？忌荒軐⑺械募毠?jié)綜合起來，進行邏輯推理和概括，才能得出一個沒有言明的主題思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua  Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ。

《試題調(diào)研》MOOK系列第3輯2013高考全通關(guān)（三）——閱讀理解 重難點通關(guān)欄目中專題一里面將全面呈現(xiàn)給你高考設(shè)題形式，還有精彩的易錯點分析，例如考生在做該類型題時，易犯以偏概全的錯誤，一線名師為你獻上解題的錦囊妙計?？烊锌纯磁?！

本文待續(xù)，敬請關(guān)注！

下文預(yù)告：

接下來講解方案二和方案三
第二，明確選項特點——做題有的放矢

第三，熟練解題法寶與步驟——做題胸有成竹