中學(xué)英語語法簡表（2）
Langzi選編
四．形容詞和副詞
I. 形容詞：
1. 形容詞的位置：
1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：
|
1 |
修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時 |
nobody absent, everything possible |
|
2 |
以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后 |
the best book available, the only solution possible |
|
3 |
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 |
the only person awake |
|
4 |
和空間、時間、單位連用時 |
a bridge 50 meters long |
|
5 |
成對的形容詞可以后置 |
a huge room simple and beautiful |
|
6 |
形容詞短語一般后置 |
a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：
|
代詞 |
數(shù)詞 |
性狀形容詞 |
|
冠詞前的形容詞 |
冠詞
指示代詞
不定代詞
代詞所有格 |
序數(shù)詞 |
基數(shù)詞 |
性質(zhì)
狀態(tài) |
大小
長短
形狀 |
新舊
溫度 |
顏色 |
國籍
產(chǎn)地 |
材料
質(zhì)地 |
名詞 |
|
all
both
such |
the
a
this
another
your |
second
next |
one
four |
beautiful
good
poor |
large
short
square |
new
cool |
black
yellow |
Chinese
London |
silk
stone |
3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：
|
1 |
形容詞+名詞+ed |
kind-hearted |
6 |
名詞+形容詞 |
world-famous |
|
2 |
形容詞+形容詞 |
dark-blue |
7 |
名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 |
peace-loving |
|
3 |
形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 |
ordinary-looking |
8 |
名詞+過去分詞 |
snow-covered |
|
4 |
副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 |
hard-working |
9 |
數(shù)詞+名詞+ed |
three-egged |
|
5 |
副詞+過去分詞 |
newly-built |
10 |
數(shù)詞+名詞 |
twenty-year |
II. 副詞
副詞的分類：
|
1 |
時間副詞 |
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently |
5 |
頻度副詞 |
always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
|
2 |
地點副詞 |
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above |
6 |
疑問副詞 |
how, where, when, why |
|
3 |
方式副詞 |
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really |
7 |
連接副詞 |
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
|
4 |
程度副詞 |
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather |
8 |
關(guān)系副詞 |
when, where, why |
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：
形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五．介詞
I. 介詞分類：
|
1 |
簡單介詞 |
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
|
2 |
合成介詞 |
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
|
3 |
短語介詞 |
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
|
4 |
雙重介詞 |
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
|
5 |
分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 |
considering(就而論), including |
|
6 |
形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 |
like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介詞區(qū)別：
|
1 |
表示時間的in, on, at |
at表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關(guān) |
|
2 |
表示時間的since, from |
since 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始 |
|
3 |
表示時間的in, after |
in指在一段時間之后，after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中 |
|
4 |
表示地理位置的in, on, to |
in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外 |
|
5 |
表示“在…上”的on, in |
on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 |
|
6 |
表示“穿過”的through, across |
through表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān) |
|
7 |
表示“關(guān)于”的about, on |
about指涉及到，on指專門論述 |
|
8 |
between與among的區(qū)別 |
between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間 |
|
9 |
besides與except的區(qū)別 |
besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首 |
|
10 |
表示“用”的in, with |
with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音 |
|
11 |
as與like的區(qū)別 |
as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似 |
|
12 |
in與into區(qū)別 |
in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置 |
六．動詞
I. 動詞的時態(tài)：
1. 動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：
|
|
現(xiàn)在時 |
過去時 |
將來時 |
過去將來時 |
|
一般 |
ask / asks |
asked |
shall/will ask |
should/would ask |
|
進行 |
am/is/are asking |
was/were asking |
shall/will be asking |
should/would be asking |
|
完成 |
have/has asked |
had asked |
shall/will have asked |
should/would have asked |
|
完成進行 |
have/has been asking |
had been asking |
shall/will have been asking |
should/would have been asking |
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)
2) 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別：
兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。
I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。
4. 一般將來時的表達(dá)方式：
|
|
將來時 |
用法 |
例句 |
|
1 |
will/shall+動詞原形 |
表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) |
My sister will be ten next year. |
|
2 |
be going to+動詞原形 |
含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事 |
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight. |
|
3 |
be + doing 進行時表示將來 |
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作 |
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe? |
|
4 |
be about to + 動詞原形 |
表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語 |
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close. |
|
5 |
be to + 動詞原形 |
表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見 |
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. |
|
6 |
一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來 |
時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來 |
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening. |
II. 動詞的被動語態(tài)：
|
|
常用被動語態(tài) |
構(gòu)成 |
|
常用被動語態(tài) |
構(gòu)成 |
|
1 |
一般現(xiàn)在時 |
am/is/are asked |
6 |
過去進行時 |
was/were being asked |
|
2 |
一般過去時 |
was/were asked |
7 |
現(xiàn)在完成時 |
have/has been asked |
|
3 |
一般將來時 |
shall/will be asked |
8 |
過去完成時 |
had been asked |
|
4 |
過去將來時 |
should/would be asked |
9 |
將來完成時 |
will/would have been asked |
|
5 |
現(xiàn)在進行時 |
am/is/are being asked |
10 |
含有情態(tài)動詞的 |
can/must/may be asked |
|
注
意
事
項 |
被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be
going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。如：
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. |
|
漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… |
|
下面主動形式常表示被動意義：如：
The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. |
|
下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 |
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