1.1 下載selenium2.0的lib包http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/list
官方UserGuide:http:///docs/ 1.2 用webdriver打開一個(gè)瀏覽器我們常用的瀏覽器有firefox和IE兩種,firefox是selenium支持得比較成熟的瀏覽器。但是做頁面的測(cè)試,速度通常很慢,嚴(yán)重影響持續(xù)集成的速度,這個(gè)時(shí)候建議使用HtmlUnit,不過HtmlUnitDirver運(yùn)行時(shí)是看不到界面的,對(duì)調(diào)試就不方便了。使用哪種瀏覽器,可以做成配置項(xiàng),根據(jù)需要靈活配置。
//Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();
//Create a newinstance of the Internet Explorer driver WebDriver driver = newInternetExplorerDriver ();
//Createa new instance of the Internet Explorer driver WebDriverdriver = new HtmlUnitDriver(); 1.3 打開測(cè)試頁面對(duì)頁面對(duì)測(cè)試,首先要打開被測(cè)試頁面的地址(如:http://www.google.com),web driver 提供的get方法可以打開一個(gè)頁面: // And now use thedriver to visit Google driver.get("http://www.google.com"); 1.4 GettingStartedpackage org.openqa.selenium.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition; import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
public class Selenium2Example { public static voidmain(String[] args) { // Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver // Notice that theremainder of the code relies on the interface, // not the implementation. WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();
// And now use this tovisit Google driver.get("http://www.google.com"); // Alternatively thesame thing can be done like this // driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");
// Find the text inputelement by its name WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something tosearch for element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
// Now submit the form.WebDriver will find the form for us from the element element.submit();
// Check the title ofthe page System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
// Google's search isrendered dynamically with JavaScript. // Wait for the pageto load, timeout after 10 seconds (newWebDriverWait(driver, 10)).until(new ExpectedCondition<Boolean>() { public Booleanapply(WebDriver d) { returnd.getTitle().toLowerCase().startsWith("cheese!"); } });
// Should see:"cheese! - Google Search" System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
//Close the browser driver.quit(); } } 第2章 Webdirver對(duì)瀏覽器的支持2.1 HtmlUnit Driver優(yōu)點(diǎn):HtmlUnit Driver不會(huì)實(shí)際打開瀏覽器,運(yùn)行速度很快。對(duì)于用FireFox等瀏覽器來做測(cè)試的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試用例,運(yùn)行速度通常很慢,HtmlUnit Driver無疑是可以很好地解決這個(gè)問題。 缺點(diǎn):它對(duì)JavaScript的支持不夠好,當(dāng)頁面上有復(fù)雜JavaScript時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)捕獲不到頁面元素。 使用: WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
2.2 FireFox Driver優(yōu)點(diǎn):FireFox Dirver對(duì)頁面的自動(dòng)化測(cè)試支持得比較好,很直觀地模擬頁面的操作,對(duì)JavaScript的支持也非常完善,基本上頁面上做的所有操作FireFox Driver都可以模擬。 缺點(diǎn):?jiǎn)?dòng)很慢,運(yùn)行也比較慢,不過,啟動(dòng)之后Webdriver的操作速度雖然不快但還是可以接受的,建議不要頻繁啟停FireFox Driver。 使用: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); Firefox profile的屬性值是可以改變的,比如我們平時(shí)使用得非常頻繁的改變useragent的功能,可以這樣修改: FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile(); 2.3 InternetExplorer Driver優(yōu)點(diǎn):直觀地模擬用戶的實(shí)際操作,對(duì)JavaScript提供完善的支持。 缺點(diǎn):是所有瀏覽器中運(yùn)行速度最慢的,并且只能在Windows下運(yùn)行,對(duì)CSS以及XPATH的支持也不夠好。 使用: WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
第3章 使用操作3.1 如何找到頁面元素Webdriver的findElement方法可以用來找到頁面的某個(gè)元素,最常用的方法是用id和name查找。下面介紹幾種比較常用的方法。 3.1.1 By ID假設(shè)頁面寫成這樣: <input type="text" name="passwd"id="passwd-id" /> 那么可以這樣找到頁面的元素: 通過id查找: WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id")); 3.1.2 By Name或通過name查找: WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("passwd")); 3.1.3 By XPATH或通過xpath查找: WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.xpath("http://input[@id='passwd-id']")); 3.1.4 By Class Name假設(shè)頁面寫成這樣:
<div class="cheese"><span>Cheddar</span></div><divclass="cheese"><span>Gouda</span></div> 可以通過這樣查找頁面元素: List<WebElement>cheeses = driver.findElements(By.className("cheese"));
3.1.5 By Link Text假設(shè)頁面元素寫成這樣: <a>cheese</a>> 那么可以通過這樣查找: WebElement cheese =driver.findElement(By.linkText("cheese"));
3.2 如何對(duì)頁面元素進(jìn)行操作找到頁面元素后,怎樣對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作呢?我們可以根據(jù)不同的類型的元素來進(jìn)行一一說明。 3.2.1 輸入框(text field or textarea)找到輸入框元素: WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id")); 在輸入框中輸入內(nèi)容: element.sendKeys(“test”); 將輸入框清空: element.clear(); 獲取輸入框的文本內(nèi)容: element.getText();
3.2.2 下拉選擇框(Select)找到下拉選擇框的元素: Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("select"))); 選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的選擇項(xiàng): select.selectByVisibleText(“mediaAgencyA”); 或 select.selectByValue(“MA_ID_001”); 不選擇對(duì)應(yīng)的選擇項(xiàng): select.deselectAll(); select.deselectByValue(“MA_ID_001”); select.deselectByVisibleText(“mediaAgencyA”); 或者獲取選擇項(xiàng)的值: select.getAllSelectedOptions(); select.getFirstSelectedOption();
3.2.3 單選項(xiàng)(Radio Button)找到單選框元素: WebElement bookMode =driver.findElement(By.id("BookMode")); 選擇某個(gè)單選項(xiàng): bookMode.click(); 清空某個(gè)單選項(xiàng): bookMode.clear(); 判斷某個(gè)單選項(xiàng)是否已經(jīng)被選擇: bookMode.isSelected(); 3.2.4 多選項(xiàng)(checkbox)多選項(xiàng)的操作和單選的差不多: WebElement checkbox =driver.findElement(By.id("myCheckbox.")); checkbox.click(); checkbox.clear(); checkbox.isSelected(); checkbox.isEnabled(); 3.2.5 按鈕(button)找到按鈕元素: WebElement saveButton = driver.findElement(By.id("save")); 點(diǎn)擊按鈕: saveButton.click(); 判斷按鈕是否enable:
saveButton.isEnabled (); 3.2.6 左右選擇框也就是左邊是可供選擇項(xiàng),選擇后移動(dòng)到右邊的框中,反之亦然。例如: Select lang = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("languages"))); lang.selectByVisibleText(“English”); WebElement addLanguage =driver.findElement(By.id("addButton")); addLanguage.click(); 3.2.7 彈出對(duì)話框(Popup dialogs)Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert(); alert.accept(); alert.dismiss(); alert.getText(); 3.2.8 表單(Form)Form中的元素的操作和其它的元素操作一樣,對(duì)元素操作完成后對(duì)表單的提交可以: WebElement approve = driver.findElement(By.id("approve")); approve.click(); 或 approve.submit();//只適合于表單的提交 3.2.9 上傳文件 (Upload File)上傳文件的元素操作: WebElement adFileUpload = driver.findElement(By.id("WAP-upload")); String filePath = "C:\test\\uploadfile\\media_ads\\test.jpg"; adFileUpload.sendKeys(filePath); 3.2.10 Windows 和 Frames之間的切換一般來說,登錄后建議是先: driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); 切換到某個(gè)frame: driver.switchTo().frame("leftFrame"); 從一個(gè)frame切換到另一個(gè)frame: driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame"); 切換到某個(gè)window: driver.switchTo().window("windowName");
3.2.11 拖拉(Drag andDrop)WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("source")); WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.name("target"));
(new Actions(driver)).dragAndDrop(element, target).perform();
3.2.12 導(dǎo)航 (Navigationand History)打開一個(gè)新的頁面: driver.navigate().to("http://www.");
通過歷史導(dǎo)航返回原頁面: driver.navigate().forward(); driver.navigate().back(); 3.3 高級(jí)使用3.3.1 改變user agentUser Agent的設(shè)置是平時(shí)使用得比較多的操作: FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile(); profile.addAdditionalPreference("general.useragent.override","some UA string"); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile); 3.3.2 讀取Cookies我們經(jīng)常要對(duì)的值進(jìn)行讀取和設(shè)置。 增加cookie: // Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value"); driver.manage().addCookie(cookie); 獲取cookie的值: // And now output all the available cookies for the current URL Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies(); for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) { System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s",loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue())); } 根據(jù)某個(gè)cookie的name獲取cookie的值: driver.manage().getCookieNamed("mmsid"); 刪除cookie:
// You can delete cookies in 3 ways // By name driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName"); // By Cookie driver.manage().deleteCookie(loadedCookie); // Or all of them driver.manage().deleteAllCookies(); 3.3.3 調(diào)用Java ScriptWeb driver對(duì)Java Script的調(diào)用是通過JavascriptExecutor來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,例如: JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver; js.executeScript("(function(){inventoryGridMgr.setTableFieldValue('"+ inventoryId + "','" + fieldName + "','" + value + "');})()");
3.3.4 Webdriver截圖如果用webdriver截圖是: driver = webdriver.Firefox() 3.3.5 頁面等待因?yàn)長(zhǎng)oad頁面需要一段時(shí)間,如果頁面還沒加載完就查找元素,必然是查找不到的。最好的方式,就是設(shè)置一個(gè)默認(rèn)等待時(shí)間,在查找頁面元素的時(shí)候如果找不到就等待一段時(shí)間再找,直到超時(shí)。 Webdriver提供兩種方法,一種是顯性等待,另一種是隱性等待。 顯性等待: WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver(); driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading"); WebElementmyDynamicElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10)) .until(newExpectedCondition<WebElement>(){ @Override public WebElementapply(WebDriver d) { returnd.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement")); }});
隱性等待: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading"); WebElement myDynamicElement =driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement")); 第4章 RemoteWebDriver當(dāng)本機(jī)上沒有瀏覽器,需要遠(yuǎn)程調(diào)用瀏覽器進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化測(cè)試時(shí),需要用到RemoteWebDirver. 4.1 使用RemoteWebDriverimport java.io.File; import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType; import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter; import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities; import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
public class Testing {
public void myTest()throws Exception { WebDriver driver = newRemoteWebDriver( new URL("http://localhost:4446/wd/hub"), DesiredCapabilities.firefox());
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// RemoteWebDriverdoes not implement the TakesScreenshot class // if the driver doeshave the Capabilities to take a screenshot // then Augmenter willadd the TakesScreenshot methods to the instance WebDriveraugmentedDriver = new Augmenter().augment(driver); File screenshot =((TakesScreenshot)augmentedDriver). getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); } }
4.2 SeleniumServer在使用RemoteDriver時(shí),必須在遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器啟動(dòng)一個(gè)SeleniumServer: java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.20.0.jar -port 4446 4.3 How to setFirefox profile using RemoteWebDriverprofile = new FirefoxProfile(); profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override",testData.getUserAgent()); capabilities = DesiredCapabilities.firefox(); capabilities.setCapability("firefox_profile", profile); driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(“http://localhost:4446/wd/hub”),capabilities); driverWait = new WebDriverWait(driver,TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD); driver.get("http://www.google.com");
第5章 封裝與重用WebDriver對(duì)頁面的操作,需要找到一個(gè)WebElement,然后再對(duì)其進(jìn)行操作,比較繁瑣: // Find the text inputelement by its name WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something to search for element.sendKeys("Cheese!"); 我們可以考慮對(duì)這些基本的操作進(jìn)行一個(gè)封裝,簡(jiǎn)化操作。比如,封裝代碼: protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){ driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value); } 那么,在測(cè)試用例可以這樣簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)用: sendKeys(By.name("q"),”Cheese!”);
看,這就簡(jiǎn)潔多了。
類似的封裝還有: package com.drutt.mm.end2end.actions;
import java.util.List; import java.util.NoSuchElementException; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement; import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import com.drutt.mm.end2end.data.TestConstant;
public class WebDriverAction {
//protected WebDriverdriver; protected RemoteWebDriverdriver; protected WebDriverWaitdriverWait;
protected booleanisWebElementExist(By selector) { try { driver.findElement(selector); return true; } catch(NoSuchElementException e) { return false; } }
protected StringgetWebText(By by) { try { return driver.findElement(by).getText(); } catch (NoSuchElementException e) { return "Textnot existed!"; } }
protected voidclickElementContainingText(By by, String text){ List<WebElement>elementList = driver.findElements(by); for(WebElement e:elementList){ if(e.getText().contains(text)){ e.click(); break; } } }
protected StringgetLinkUrlContainingText(By by, String text){ List<WebElement>subscribeButton = driver.findElements(by); String url = null; for(WebElement e:subscribeButton){ if(e.getText().contains(text)){ url =e.getAttribute("href"); break; } } return url; }
protected void click(Byby){ driver.findElement(by).click(); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD,TimeUnit.SECONDS); }
protected StringgetLinkUrl(By by){ return driver.findElement(by).getAttribute("href"); }
protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){ driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value); }
第6章 在selenium2.0中使用selenium1.0的APISelenium2.0中使用WeDriver API對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作,它最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不需要安裝一個(gè)selenium server就可以運(yùn)行,但是對(duì)頁面進(jìn)行操作不如selenium1.0的Selenium RC API那么方便。Selenium2.0提供了使用Selenium RC API的方法: // You may use any WebDriver implementation. Firefox is used hereas an example WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
// A "base url", used by selenium to resolve relativeURLs String baseUrl ="http://www.google.com";
// Create the Selenium implementation Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl);
// Perform actions with selenium selenium.open("http://www.google.com"); selenium.type("name=q", "cheese"); selenium.click("name=btnG");
// Get the underlying WebDriver implementation back. This willrefer to the // same WebDriver instance as the "driver" variableabove. WebDriver driverInstance = ((WebDriverBackedSelenium)selenium).getUnderlyingWebDriver();
//Finally, close thebrowser. Call stop on the WebDriverBackedSelenium instance //instead of callingdriver.quit(). Otherwise, the JVM will continue running after //the browser has beenclosed. selenium.stop();
我分別使用WebDriver API和SeleniumRC API寫了一個(gè)Login的腳本,很明顯,后者的操作更加簡(jiǎn)單明了。 WebDriver API寫的Login腳本: public void login() { driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");
WebElement eUsername= waitFindElement(By.id("username")); eUsername.sendKeys(manager@ericsson.com);
WebElement ePassword= waitFindElement(By.id("password")); ePassword.sendKeys(manager);
WebElementeLoginButton = waitFindElement(By.id("loginButton")); eLoginButton.click();
}
SeleniumRC API寫的Login腳本: public void login() { selenium.selectFrame("relative=top"); selenium.selectFrame("mainFrame"); selenium.type("username","manager@ericsson.com"); selenium.type("password","manager"); selenium.click("loginButton"); } |
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