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[轉(zhuǎn)載]語法學習中的歸納與聯(lián)想 趙孝勇 趙彥鴻 繁多的英語語法規(guī)則，是學生除單詞記憶之外比較頭痛的一項學習內(nèi)容，如果能找出其中規(guī)律，學會歸納，善于聯(lián)想，再學起來或使用起來就會很輕松。 一、名詞性從句 名詞性從句雖然包括四種從句，其實只要學會一種就可以輕松地掌握其它三種。 1.四種從句使用相同的連接詞 that，whether (if ), who (who whom whose) ，what ，which, when ，where， how ，why 2.四種從句功能可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換 位置變化出現(xiàn)功能變化，記住一種從句就等于記住了四種從句： That fish will die out of water is (not) known. Whether the world-famous scientist will marry the lady of 28 years old is (not) known. Who will fire the first shot between the mainland and Whose book this is (not) known. Whom the teacher will praise is (not) known. What they need is (not) known. Which team will win is (not) known. When we will start is (not) known. Where we will go is (not) known. Why our monitor is absent is (not) known. How Yao Ming has become a basketball star is (not) known. 以上的從句在主語的位置均為主語從句，如果把它們放在連系動詞后就變成表語從句，放在及物動詞后變成賓語從句，放在名詞后就變成同位語從句： 賓語從句: 例 I don't know that fish will die out of water. I don't know whether the scientist will marry the lady of 28 years old. 表語從句: 例 The question is who will fire the first shot between the mainland and Taiwan. The question is whose book this is. 同位語從句: 例 I have no idea whom the teacher will praise. I have no idea what they need. I have no idea which team will win. 3.四種從句連接詞意義上的兩重性 wh-連接詞在意義上大多具有兩重意義，即疑問意義和陳述意義，注意不同的譯法： 例 This is where he was born. (這就是他出生的地方——陳述意義) The question is where he lives now. (問題是他現(xiàn)在住在哪里——疑問意義) 4.Wh-從句的簡化 Wh-從句基本上都可以變?yōu)閯釉~不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，即：where to go , what to do等： 例 When we will start is a puzzle=When to start is a puzzle. 跟進練習 1.選擇題 （1）I believe ____you've done your best and ___things will improve. A. that, / B. /, / C. what, thatD. /, that （2）He lives in _____ used to be a temple. A. what B. where C. the place D. the place where （3）I know nothing about her but __ she is from France. A. whyB. whenC. that D. how （4）What a pity ___ is __ you didn't arrive by daylight! A. that, for B. it, that C. he, when D. there, because （5）I will give this book to ___ wants to have it. A. whomever B. whoever C. whatever D. wherever 答案 DACBB 2.判斷下列句子是否正確 (1)Who can tell me why to start at 5: (2)The question is how to get there. (3)Why argue with her？ 注：why、 if從句不能簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 答案 （1）錯誤（2）正確 （3）正確（此句為why + 動詞原形的特殊問句，不是從句） (4)It hasn't been decided if we shall attend the meeting. (5)The question depends on if they are honest. (6)I don't know if to stay or not. (7)The fact if our football team has won the match is unknown. (8)The problem is if they will agree. 注：在表語、同位語放在句首的主語從句中，不定式或or not前、介詞后, 以及用if引起歧義時，要用whether不用if 。 答案 (4)正確 (5)錯誤 (6)錯誤 (7)錯誤 (8)錯誤 二、情態(tài)動詞 + 完成時 情態(tài)動詞加動詞的完成時形式均表示動作在過去發(fā)生或到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成。表示對過去事情的推測： 例 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. (must表示推測只用于肯定句) He might (may) have gone home. There is nobody here except me.（可能已經(jīng)回家了） 以上幾句意思為“一定（可能）是…了”，“（不）可能（沒）…了”。 下列幾種結(jié)構(gòu)均含有“本來…但結(jié)果卻沒有…”的意義，否定句“本不…但結(jié)果做了”： 1. should + 完成時 （ought to + 完成時） 表示“本來該做某事，但沒做”；“本不該做，卻做了”： 例 You ought not to have criticized her before the audience. (你本不該當眾批評她) 2. could + 完成時 表示“本來可以（可能）做某事，但沒做”；“本不可以（可能）做，卻做了”： 3. might + 完成時 表示“本來可以（可能），但沒”；“本可以（可能）不做，卻做了”，用于否定句或肯定句中： 例 You might have broken your leg. That was not a good place to go skiing. 4. need + 完成時 表示“本來沒有必要做某事，但卻做了“，主要用于否定句或疑問句中： 例 He needn't have told me the news, for I knew then. (他本來就沒有必要告訴我——多余了) 5. had better + 完成時 表示“當時最好…”“要是…就更好了”： 例 You had better have studied hard. 6.would rather + 完成時 表示“寧愿當時做了（或沒做），但…"： 例 I didn't agree with him, but now I would rather not have done that . 請為下列各題選擇最佳答案： (1) This morning he got up early, but he _____ so because he _____ work on Sundays. A. can't have done, can't B. didn't need to do, didn't C. mustn't have done, mustn't D. needn't have done, needn't (2) Han Meimei _____ full marks, but she was so careless to make some mistakes. A. can have gained B. must have gained C. could have gained D. must gain (3) Were you impolite to her？ Yes, but I _____ so. A. shouldn't do B. had better not do C. would rather not do D. shouldn't have done. (4) James is 45 minutes late. What _____ to him？ A. must have happened B. may have happened C. can have happened D. should have happened (5) Hi, Lily, I _____ have returned your bicycle earlier. You _____ have needed it. A. should, might B. must, might C. might, should D. must, should (6) Mr.Smith _____ the plane, or perhaps he has been prevented from coming for some reason. A. should have missedB. may have missed C. might miss D. can have missed (7) Such a little boy has made so much noise that he _____ not have been allowed to so fine a party. A. would B. need C. should D. must (8) He _____ have left here last week, but he didn't. A. ought to B. could C. should D. all the above (9) —“_____ Tibet ？” —“Yes. According to what he said he _______ there”. A. Can he have been, must have been B. Must he have gone, must go C. Must he have been, must be D. Can he have gone, must have gone 答案 DCDCA BCDA 三、虛擬語氣 虛擬語氣按照語法書或課本的編排順序?qū)W習和記憶比較繁亂，但仔細研究一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它的特點和規(guī)律，那就是：一、使用動詞的過去相應時態(tài)；二、使用should + 原形，如果按照自己的思路把它重排，就會非常簡單，記憶起來非常方便。 ⒈動詞的過去相應時態(tài) 在下列句式中，謂語動詞使用過去的相應時態(tài)： ⑴三種基本形式：與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾吹膹木渲?、過去時—與過去事實相反的從句中、過去完成時 (另記：將來：were to/ should + 原形)： ⑵wish 從句中 ⑶as if 從句中 ⑷would rather從句中 (順便記憶類似的would sooner, had rather) ⑸if only（從）句中 ⑹It's time從句中（另一個用法是：should+原形） ⒉(should) + 原形 記憶關(guān)鍵 ⑴關(guān)鍵詞——這些詞記住了，判斷句子就會又快又準，而且這些詞也可以編出便于記憶的順序： insist suggest advise propose order command demand desire require request ask … *想到insist或suggest就會想到另一個, 因為這兩詞均有正常使用的一方面； *想到 suggest 就容易想到另外兩個建議； *命令后的詞按順序 ，每個單詞的部分詞體都有與上一詞重疊的部分： demand重疊command 的mand，desire重疊 demand的de ，require重疊desire的irerequest重疊 require 的requ ⑵ 使用should+原形的虛擬語氣主要出現(xiàn)在以這些詞為核心的主、表、賓、同位語從句中，掌握了這些詞，就基本上掌握了“should+原形“的這一用法，以這些詞為動詞以及它們的名詞形式后的從句都是同樣用法。以suggest為例： He suggested that he (should) be sent to work in the countryside.(賓語從句中) The suggestion is that we (should) arrive there before 6: We all agree to his suggestion that we (should) give up the plan. （同位語從句） It is suggested that he give a performance at the party.(主語從句) ⑶由 It is suggested that主語從句再聯(lián)想到另外三個主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)： It's time (that)… （句中的should 一般不?。?/SPAN> It's high time (that) we (should) put an end to the argument. (此時不是省should ,而是should拿掉后，put是過去時，符合“使用過去相應時態(tài)“的用法) It is + necessary (等形容詞) (that)… It is a pity/ a shame (that)… 例It is necessary that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. ⑷ lestfor fear thatin case后面的從句中 例He put a thick coat for fear that/ lest he should catch cold. 實戰(zhàn)模擬 ⒈If he _____ the doctor's advice , he would be all right now. A. would followed B. had followed C. should D. has followed ⒉ I would sooner you _____ anything about it for the time being. A. doB. didn't C. don't D. didn't do ⒊ She insisted that a doctor _____ immediately. A. had sent for B. send C. be sent for D. was sent ⒋ If only I _____ my car! A. hadn't lost B. wouldn't lose C. didn't lose D. haven't lost ⒌ It is strange that he _____ back so early. A. should have come B. came C. had come D. will ⒍ He hasn't come yet. If he _____ come on time, we would have to put off the meeting. A. should B. would C. shouldn't D. doesn't ⒎ He remained very calm. Otherwise he _____. A. would been found out B. would have been found out C.would find out D. would have found out ⒏ She insisted that she _____ the work all by herself, but nobody believed her. A. had done B. have done C. didD. so ⒐ Our only request is that this _____ as soon as possible. A. had been settled B. was settled C. is settled D. be settled ⒑ He spoke to me as if he _____ a headmaster then. A.was B. be C. have beenD. had been key 1—5.BDCAA 6—10.CBADA |
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