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高考英語動詞時態(tài)解讀

 伊人雪飄 2011-10-30

一、對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查
1.考查其基本概念:一般現(xiàn)在時表示一個習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作。常與表示習(xí)慣的副詞

always, every time,now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等連用。但近幾年,對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查常用過去時態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)對考生進(jìn)行干擾。
 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and  we met no storm.(2005年遼寧卷)  A. was called     B. is called      C. had been called        D. has been called

解析:雖然航海發(fā)生在過去,但是海洋的名稱不會因此而變化,所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時
2.考查一般現(xiàn)在時的替代用法:在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before

等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,在以if,unless, once等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和以no matter, however, even if 等詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,如果主句中的動詞用一般將來時,從句中的動詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。

— What would you do if it _____ tomorrow? — We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. (2005年全國卷)    A. rain     B. rains      C. will rain         D. is raining

解析:if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,在條件狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來
二、對一般過去時的考查

一般過去時表示在過去某時某刻發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),它常與表過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般過去時也經(jīng)常用在沒有說明過去的時間狀語的句子中,這是高考的命題方向。

More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.(2005年上海卷)
A. sent       B. were sent    C. had sent     D. had been sent解析:last year表示過去,再者主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式

三、對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的考查

由上下文語境表示時間?!?What’s the terrible noise?— The neighbours ____ for a party. (2004年北京卷)
A. have prepared     B. are preparing       C. prepare     D. will prepare

解析:上下文語境告訴我們是講現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事。

四、對過去進(jìn)行時的考查
1.把過去進(jìn)行時放在when, while, as 等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中考查。如果主句謂語和從句謂語都發(fā)生在過去,動作時間長的用過去進(jìn)行時,表達(dá)談話背景;動作時間短的用一般過去時,表達(dá)新的信息。

—You were out when I dropped in at your house.—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. (2004年福建卷)
A. was waiting      B. had waited       C. am waiting     D. have waited

解析:該題是根據(jù)交際情景考查動詞時態(tài)的用法。該題是強(qiáng)調(diào)在過去某一時間(你來我家時)正在進(jìn)行的動作(在機(jī)場等人),用過去進(jìn)行時。句意:“我順路去你家時,你不在家?!薄鞍。莻€時候)我在機(jī)場等從英國來的朋友?!?/P>

2.把過去進(jìn)行時放在某特定的語境中考查。

—Has Sam finished his homework today?  —I have no idea. He  ____ it this morning. (2004年全國卷)
A. did      B. has done    C. was doing        D. had done

 解析:該題根據(jù)交際情景考查動詞時態(tài)的用法。第一句問今天做完作業(yè)沒有,問結(jié)果;他今天早晨(過去某段時間內(nèi))還在做(正在進(jìn)行的動作)應(yīng)當(dāng)用過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)。句意:“薩姆今天做完作業(yè)了嗎?”“我不知道。他今天早晨還在做呢?!?/P>

3.考查過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去時的比較。
Shirely____a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.(98)
A.has written B. wrote    C. had written    D. was writing

解析:根據(jù)I don’t know whether she has finished it可判斷去年她不可能寫完這本書,因而去年應(yīng)該一直在寫。該題測試過去時間狀語與過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)在英語句式中的特殊用法。題中過去時間狀語last year導(dǎo)致了考生的定勢思維,不少考生因此而誤選了選項B(一般過去時)。分析上下文語境可知,選項部分的謂語動詞的動作并非在過去某一時間已經(jīng)完成,而是指在過去某一時間正在進(jìn)行,故應(yīng)選過去進(jìn)行時。注意:在這一句式結(jié)構(gòu)中,只有延續(xù)性動詞才可與過去時間狀語用于過去進(jìn)行時,強(qiáng)調(diào)在過去某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。

五、對現(xiàn)在完成時的考查
1.現(xiàn)在完成時不僅表示動作在說話之前已經(jīng)完成,而且強(qiáng)調(diào)動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或表示經(jīng)驗。

①He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he canborrow money from the bank.(2005年湖北卷)A. were deciding    B. have decided    C. decided      D. will decide

解析:have decided現(xiàn)在完成時表示父母已經(jīng)決定了。

②Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of  England last night. (2005年重慶卷)    A. has been caused  B. had been caused   C. will be caused   D. will have been caused

解析:“storm”后的定語從句有明確的時間狀語“l(fā)ast night”,故主語時態(tài)應(yīng)確定為完成時,但D項為將來完成時,顯然與語境不符。B項為過去完成時,但本句強(qiáng)調(diào)昨晚發(fā)生的風(fēng)暴對現(xiàn)在的影響。

2.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作一直延續(xù)至今并可能繼續(xù)下去,常與for或since 等短語連用。

—The window is dirty.   — I know. It ________ for weeks. (2004年全國卷)
A. hasn’t cleaned    B. didn’t clean   C. wasn’t cleaned    D. hasn’t been cleaned

解析:該題是根據(jù)交際情景中考查動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)。關(guān)鍵詞for weeks,考慮現(xiàn)在完成時,表示到目前為止的結(jié)果,好幾周不擦了;窗戶與擦的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系,故被動語態(tài)。句意;“窗戶很臟了。”“我知道。好幾周沒有擦了?!?BR>注:由終止性動詞leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等構(gòu)成的完成時不能與for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。但這些終止性動詞的否定式可以與for或since短語連用。如:I haven’t met him for two years.

3.考查現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去式的區(qū)別:一般過去時著重說明動作發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)、

方式等,與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,且句中一般有表示過去的時間狀語;而現(xiàn)在完成時只說明現(xiàn)在的情況,對現(xiàn)在有影響。

—Where _________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.(98NMET)— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put        B. have you put; put   C. had you put; was putting     D. were you putting; put

解析:第一個空“放”這個動作強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,“我找不到”第二個空“放”指過去的一個動作

六、對現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的考查

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時是由“have / has been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示從過去某一時刻發(fā)生的動作,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還可能繼續(xù)下去。它與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別如下:

1.現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是完成的動作,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時是持續(xù)了一段時間的動作,這個動作剛停止或仍在繼續(xù)。
 I have written an article.(已完成)     I have been writing an article. (還在寫)

2.有些延續(xù)性動詞,如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時差別不大。

I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.另外注意的是:

表短暫動作的動詞(finish, marry, get up, come, go等)一般不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。

Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.(2004年北京卷)

A. had considered   B. has been considering   C. considered D. is going to consider

解析:該題是在交際情境中考查動詞時態(tài)的用法。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選完成進(jìn)行時,表示過去的動作(考慮返校學(xué)習(xí))持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(還沒有決定)今后還有可能進(jìn)行的動作。句意:既然露西失業(yè)了,她一直在考慮返校讀書,但她還沒有定下來。

七、對過去完成時態(tài)的考查

過去完成時,經(jīng)常以“過去”為背景,要想表達(dá)比這一背景更早的動作,常用此時態(tài)。
— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? (2004年湖北卷)A. was not invited     B. have not been invited  C. hadn’t been invited   D. didn’t invite

解析:沒有被邀請發(fā)生在George and Lucy舉行婚禮之前,即過去的過去。

常見考點(diǎn)有:
①把過去完成時放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中考查。
When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.(2005年湖北卷)
A. started; had already hidden    B. had started; had already hidden  C. had started; was hiding   D. was starting; hid

解析:考查動詞時態(tài)。主句的動作在前,從句的動作在后,從句中謂語動詞 started to walk back表示過去時間點(diǎn),因此主句的動作應(yīng)用過去完成時。

②把過去完成時放在by + 時間點(diǎn)或by the time + 從句的句子里考查。
    By the end of last year,  another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing. (2003年上海春)
    A. would be completed    B. was being completed  C. has been completed    D. had been completed

解析:by the end of last year常與過去完成時連用,表示到過去某個時候前已經(jīng)完成的動作。

 

 

一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的比較

1)用兩種時態(tài)來表述發(fā)生在過去的某一動作,現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過去動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,而一般過去時只表達(dá)過去的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。例如:She has cleaned the room.It’s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因為cleaned與現(xiàn)狀有關(guān),二是因為一般過去時不可突然跳到It’s...這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時。)

2)漢語中的“了”、“過”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá),如:I have seen that film.(我看過那部電影了。)但是如果是在特定的過去時間“看了”、“做過”,就不可用完成時而必須用一般過去進(jìn)來表達(dá)。例如:When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時候看了那部電影?我昨天看的。)不能說:When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday.

1. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?

   A. was happening    B. happens      C. has happened    D. happened

解析:說話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane 目前的狀況.

2. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?

   A. don’t know; were you    B. hadn’t known; are you   C. haven’t known; are    D. didn’t know; have you been

解析: didn’t know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見面前原不知道.

3. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.

   A. finished; were    B. have finished; are    C. have finished; were           D. had finished; were

解析:全句含義為 “我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)比預(yù)期的(強(qiáng)調(diào)過去)提前完成任務(wù)( 強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在).

4. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.

   A. finds     B. has found    C. was found     D. has been found

解析:為被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在完成時, 強(qiáng)調(diào)that 從句的內(nèi)容現(xiàn)在已被發(fā)現(xiàn),為人所知.

5. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.

A. spoke; had forgotten    B. spoke; have forgotten   C. had spoken; had forgotten    C. had spoken; have forgotten

解析:注意when I was at college 是指過去的某一時間,動詞應(yīng)用一般過去時; I have forgotten  是指現(xiàn)在的情況.

現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的比較

1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.   “--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

  A. painted     B. had painted    C. have been painting    D. have painted

  解析:強(qiáng)調(diào)動作從過去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù),而非動作的結(jié)果

2.  --- Have you had any letters from him?  --- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .

  A. has heard from   B. has been hearing from    C. had heard from    D. hears

解析:不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果,A錯;不是指目前一般的情況,D錯;是指從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時的比較

1.I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.

A. just help out; comes  B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come

解析:指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時.)

2.--- When shall we leave?  --- As soon as I ______ what I _______.

  A. will finish; do     B. have finished, am doing    C. finish, will do      D. finish, do

解析:as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時間狀語從句中動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)將來的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在完成時; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.

3. At that time he _____ in the library.  A. worked      B. had worked     C. was working      D. would work

解析: was working 指 at that time 正在發(fā)生的行為.

4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ____in the office.

  A. were working; had left    B. worked; left   C. had worked; left         D. were working; would leave

  解析:句中went 是說話人給定的時間, work 和leave發(fā)生的時間都要看它們與went 的時間關(guān)系, work 與went動作同時發(fā)生, 強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做,用過去進(jìn)行時; leave 在went之前發(fā)生, 應(yīng)用過去完成時.)

5. --- Hey, look where you are going!  --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.

  A. I’m not noticing.  B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed.  D. I don’t notice.

解析:對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.

一般過去時和過去進(jìn)行時的比較

1.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.

A. wrote; has finished       B. was writing; has finished  C. was writing; had finished     D. wrote; will finish

解析:正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it.推斷,他去年一直在寫。

2.Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.

   A. slipped; was noticing       B. had slipped; noticed   C. slipped; had noticed      D. was slipping; noticed

   解析:slip和notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作,因此B、C為錯誤選項,slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動作(他溜進(jìn)去了),when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況(沒有人注意)。

3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep.

   A. read; was falling        B. was reading; fell   was reading; was falling  D. read; fell  解析:道理同上

4.The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields.

   A. had seen; was picking    B. saw; picked  C. had seen; picked   D. saw; was picking   解析:道理同上

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