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虛擬語氣
一、概念 [Subjunctive Mood] 中文譯作"虛擬語氣"。它是一種動詞形式，表示說話人的某種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑、猜測、建議等含義。 二、語法結(jié)構(gòu) 1.if結(jié)構(gòu)（非真實條件句——表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況） 與..事實相反 If從句 主句 過去 Had done Would* have done 現(xiàn)在 Were/did Would* do 將來 Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [過去] If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [現(xiàn)在] If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [將來] 備注： （1）上表中’would*’可轉(zhuǎn)換為should、could、might。 （2) 如果為時間錯綜句的話，左右兩欄可互相搭配，排列組合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug. [與現(xiàn)在事實相反] [與過去事實相反] (3) if可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [過去] （=>可轉(zhuǎn)換為：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …） Your notes are almost illegible (難以辨認(rèn)的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [將來] (=> 可轉(zhuǎn)換為：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[過去] (=> 可轉(zhuǎn)換為：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..) 2、wish結(jié)構(gòu) 與..事實相反 過去 Had done 現(xiàn)在 Were/did 將來 Would 備注：可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他形式。 例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [過去] I wish I were a bird. I wish he handn' done that. I wish I would be rich in the future. 3、should結(jié)構(gòu) 從句中用“should + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成。而且should可以省去。用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。 例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud. 注意：當(dāng)insist表示“堅持認(rèn)為”、suggest表示“表明，顯示”時，不用虛擬語氣。 例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him. He insisted that he was honest. 4、would rather ＋從句 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句的謂語動詞用過去形式表示虛擬。 例句：I would rather you did this instead of me. 5、主語從句中的虛擬語氣 1）It be + 形容詞 + that ．．．（should）．．． 用于該句型的形容詞是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising ． 一些名詞也可以用于 在該結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．． 2）It be + 過去分詞 + that ．．．（should）．．．． 用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞是表示“建議、請求、命令”等詞的過去分詞。如：desired， suggested， requested， ordered， proposed等。 3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（過去式動詞形式或should＋動詞原形）．．．． It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now. 6、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣 在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有內(nèi)涵的名詞后面的表語從句、同 位語從句中，要使用虛擬語氣。其謂語動詞應(yīng)用：should＋原形動詞。另外連接從句的that不能省 略。 例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once. What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening? 三、使用范圍及判斷 1、虛擬語氣表示一種不能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語法主要用于if條件狀語從句。也可用于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句等。 2、if條件狀語從句中虛擬語氣的判斷 判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設(shè)的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。 判斷這個假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況：①與過去事實相反。②與現(xiàn)在事實相反。③與將來事實可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。即：在非真實條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞按正常情況“后退一步”。也就是： 1）與過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。 2）與現(xiàn)在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。 3）與將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。 主句中則用情態(tài)動詞would, should, could 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。 例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out. 四、注意事項 1.if條件從句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語序。 2、在現(xiàn)代英語中if條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞如果是be其過去形式一般用were。 3、wish 后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，按“后退一步法”處理從句的謂語動詞。注意：與哪個事實相反，不能以主句的時態(tài)為判斷依據(jù)，而是根據(jù)從句的意義判斷。 |
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