第一部分 殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)/colonialism

一、時(shí)期綜述

1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：A、narratives 日記 B、journals 游記

2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit

★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.凈化信仰和行為方式②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供簡(jiǎn)單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對(duì)他們的生活有異議就是反對(duì)上帝。④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反對(duì)對(duì)快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒： John Cottonand Roger Williams （Puritan disenters）

他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy.

Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、Williams的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.

行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會(huì)體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。

6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet ←美國第一個(gè)出版詩集的詩人 《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America》

7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor

第二部分 理性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué)/reasoning and revolution

一、時(shí)期綜述

1、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic – the

United States of America.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國——美利堅(jiān)合眾國。

二、代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗蘭克林 “Founding fathers of the Ubited States of America”

①代表作：“Poor Richard’s Almanac”窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin’s shrewd humor, and first

spread his reputation. 機(jī)智、幽默、風(fēng)趣成為最暢銷的書籍，弗蘭克林的成名作。

②Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.

建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時(shí)事方面的問題。

③established America’s first circulating library, founded the college — University of Pennsylvania.

建立了美國第一個(gè)可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)—就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。

④first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges.

在電子運(yùn)動(dòng)中，首次使用了電流中的“正電”和“負(fù)電”的專業(yè)術(shù)語。

⑤As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

⑥As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic. 作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才。

⑦“Autobiography” 自傳 18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳

2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯.佩因 “Great Commoner of Mankind” 最平凡的人 “The father of American Revolution”

①famous pamphlet “Common Sense” 著名的政治小冊(cè)子《常識(shí)》，it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護(hù)“獨(dú)立宣言”，使分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。

②“American Crisis”《美國危機(jī)》（inspired the residents of colonial lands to resist the British Army）, signed “Common Sense”.署名為“常識(shí)”。

3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯.杰弗遜

①drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨(dú)立宣言。

②與清教不一樣，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.人人生而平等，他們都從他們的“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞諾 poet and political journalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾摺?/p>

①perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期最杰出的作家。

②has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美國詩歌之父

第三部分 浪漫主義文學(xué)/Romanticism

一、文學(xué)特征：

1、environment：①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陸新環(huán)境

②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮

2、美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn):pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式: Varied多樣, Individualistic個(gè)人主義,Conflicting矛盾

3、romanticism的特點(diǎn)：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。

★4、transcendentalism超驗(yàn)主義：

①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。

②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對(duì)美國社會(huì)的拜金主義。

③they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。

④it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

⑤代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Nature

Thoreau 梭 羅，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕” Walden

5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.長(zhǎng)篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué)

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。

8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義。

二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist 第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要contribution

① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家

②“Sketch Book”《見聞札記》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。（標(biāo)志著美國文學(xué)浪漫主義的開始）

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識(shí)融入了這種體裁。

④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服記》

⑤ manner 形式 > matter 內(nèi)容 ； avoid moralization教化 to entertain娛樂 / amuse消遣

⑥ "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" 《睡谷傳說》

2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.費(fèi)尼莫爾.庫珀

①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga

開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。

②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮襪子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。

③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小說的中心人物，納蒂.班波

④ (筆記上添的) the Critic 評(píng)論家認(rèn)為，他揭示了矛盾 the direction was morally right

the other practically / inevitable

Leatherstocking: insist on old forest freedom 皮襪子：保存了這些原始森林的面貌

Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet 詩人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國的詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個(gè)獲得美國主要詩人稱號(hào)的作家。

③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鳥》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。

4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿倫.坡

①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評(píng)論家。

②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場(chǎng)所）

③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂謝府崩潰記》、“The Raven”《烏鴉》the title poem of a collection,

“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述異集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小說集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長(zhǎng)描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。

⑤ integrate 統(tǒng)一性 one sitting → brevity 簡(jiǎn)潔

readability 可讀性 → totality of impression 開門見山，加強(qiáng)印象

compression 濃縮

finality 要求結(jié)局

5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。

②Emerson believed above all in individualism個(gè)人主義, independence of mind思想獨(dú)立, and self-reliance自強(qiáng).

③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、 “The American Scholar”《美國學(xué)者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。

④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英國人》、“Poems”《詩集》

⑤摘自《論自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。

6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.大衛(wèi).梭羅

①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。

②“In Walden”《沃爾登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作

③教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。

★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑

①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。

②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。

③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.對(duì)清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對(duì)不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。

④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古廈青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》

⑤特點(diǎn)⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。

⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問題。

⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。

⑥“The Scarlet Letter”《紅字》

⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 誠實(shí)，坦然的面對(duì)罪過。

⑵弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 → 欲望，只要快樂 →Roger 女主角的丈夫

Ego 自我 → 分辨對(duì)錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí) →Hester 女主角

Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人，牧師

⑶女主角的自我成長(zhǎng)和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process

⑦“The Scarlet Letter”analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.

★8、Herman Melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾

①“Moby Dick”《白鯨》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長(zhǎng)海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長(zhǎng)阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。

⑦“Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.

9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅 poet 詩人 The Fireside Poets 爐邊詩人

①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《歐洲詩人及詩》不能把這部作品估計(jì)過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。

②殊榮：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。

③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。

④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)的影響。

⑤特點(diǎn)：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動(dòng)作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評(píng)價(jià)。

第四部分 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)/Realism

一、時(shí)期綜述：

1、鍍金時(shí)代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of

gloom and buoyant hope. 無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)代。

2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American

romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.

新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開始接近尾聲。

3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：

19世紀(jì)末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.

反對(duì)在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。

4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義有濃厚的美國本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國風(fēng)味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)

5、自然主義：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派 ，

產(chǎn)生于the end of the century 十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)镻erception of society’s disorders 對(duì)社會(huì)無序的感知。

Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 設(shè)法盡力客觀真實(shí)地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 決定論，宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克萊恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.諾里斯, Jack London 杰克.倫敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.

6、Darwinism: 達(dá)爾文主義:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 對(duì)自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的動(dòng)物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來決定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世紀(jì)美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家

②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.

不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實(shí)。

③中央視角：an objective point of view

二、代表作家：

1、Walt Whitman 沃爾特.惠特曼

①★free verse (自由詩體)without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī)律的韻腳

②“Leaves of Grass”草葉集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩

Poem’s 特點(diǎn)：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature.

③關(guān)注點(diǎn)：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual

④詩人職責(zé)：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)發(fā)展。

2、Emily Dickinson 愛米麗.狄金森

①作品： “I died for Beauty” 我為美而死（詩歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(終極) the same

“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是實(shí)現(xiàn)永恒Immortality的途徑

②特點(diǎn)：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.

3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托 小說家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century

代表作：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋 關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system

4、Mark Twain 馬克.吐溫

①美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記(馬克最有名的作品)

②特點(diǎn)：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.

③contribution貢獻(xiàn)：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口語化被文學(xué)界接受

④代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，鍍金時(shí)代，貧富分化，財(cái)富積累。

“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用詞簡(jiǎn)單、幽默、使用當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言編寫

“Life on the Mississippi”

5、O. Henry 歐.亨利 short story 短篇小說

①特點(diǎn)：tell about the lives of poor people in New York關(guān)注下層人; usually short簡(jiǎn)單; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds情節(jié)極度聰明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising結(jié)尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚語和口語.

②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百萬》 小說集 、“The Gift of the Magi”《麥琪的禮物》 單部小說

★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小說家；Literature theoretician 文學(xué)理論家，從小受歐洲教育

①心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開創(chuàng)者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.

②特點(diǎn)：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探討人物人性心理，用深厚、復(fù)雜的寫作方式對(duì)復(fù)雜的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行揣摩

(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人稱的敘述

(3)omniscient 全視角是不真實(shí)的;

③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲學(xué)家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理學(xué)家,哲學(xué)家；

④創(chuàng)作原則：The art of Fiction小說的藝術(shù);art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;

⑤貢獻(xiàn)contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小說從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉(zhuǎn)變成為了對(duì)個(gè)人在社會(huì)大環(huán)境中面對(duì)種種沖突，進(jìn)行深刻剖析的文學(xué)形式；對(duì)人們心理感受進(jìn)行反映的一種文學(xué)形式，他定義這位感受的最高形式。

⑥代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)

Last full-length novel ==“The Wings of the Dove”、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”

⑦The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse.

7、Jack London 杰克.倫敦

①代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、

“Martin Eden”(autobiographical novel自傳體小說)

②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel.

8、Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞

①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.

“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲

②“An American Tragedy”《美國悲劇》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德萊塞最恢宏、最成功的小說，表達(dá)了金錢萬能的主題。

第五部分 二十世紀(jì)的文學(xué)/the 20th centry

一、時(shí)期綜述：

1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.

3、Modernism現(xiàn)代主義：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.

4、現(xiàn)代主義的標(biāo)志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.

5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的蓋茨比》 novel

Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太陽照樣升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告別了，武器》

William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧囂與騷動(dòng)》

6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”《瓊斯國王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》

7、The Jazz Age(享樂時(shí)代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.

二、代表作家：

1、Ezra Pound 埃茲拉.龐德 詩人

①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 龐德和愛略特都是運(yùn)用意象主義作為文學(xué)表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”

2、Robert Frost 羅伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主義詩人 poet

①詩歌特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.

(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.

②he become a national bard美國民族詩人的翹首, win four Pulitzer Prizes獲得了四次普利茲獎(jiǎng).

③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社會(huì)；死亡、迷惑

3、Wallace Stevens 華萊士.斯蒂文斯 詩人

①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品動(dòng)機(jī)起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個(gè)體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權(quán)。

②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《帶藍(lán)吉他的人》；

“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry詩歌的評(píng)論.

“Anecdote of the Jar”《壇子的軼事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 藝術(shù)到自然的秩序， integrated 統(tǒng)一體

③特點(diǎn)：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.嘗試過多種實(shí)驗(yàn)性的寫作風(fēng)格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象與現(xiàn)實(shí))

★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特 現(xiàn)代主義代言人

①多重身份：poet詩人, critic評(píng)論家, playwright劇作家

②代表作：

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,隨筆《傳統(tǒng)和個(gè)人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次闡釋了自己的審美觀點(diǎn). provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成為現(xiàn)代評(píng)論極為有效的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文學(xué)形式即相關(guān)的主題在連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中構(gòu)成交響效果。

“Four Quartets”《四個(gè)四重奏》poem

“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 詩歌悲詩, a drama(戲劇) of impressive spiritual power.極富感染力的戲劇

③作品特點(diǎn)：(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.觸及人性中的軟弱沮喪的弱點(diǎn)，正確思索了國家、人民、宗教信仰等的喪失。

(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.詩歌是客觀成型的東西，詩歌的具體元素與藝術(shù)家的想象和經(jīng)歷密切相關(guān)，也與詩歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知識(shí)、情感、體驗(yàn)的融合與集中程度是愛略特判定詩歌好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小說家

①作品：“This Side of Paradise”《人間天堂》，the first novel.

“The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的蓋茨比》 novel

“Tender Is the Night” 《夜色溫柔》 novel

②第二本小說的開展過程：dream夢(mèng)想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我為中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因階級(jí)差異)夢(mèng)想破滅 → sense of failure and despair (light)失敗和絕望

Ash 灰(象征) → forest樹木，西部開發(fā)，樹木變成灰了

③limited point of view有限視角 → suspense懸念 + mystery神秘 真實(shí)性→reliable可信的，不偏，不評(píng)價(jià)

6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小說家

①寫作特點(diǎn)：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推動(dòng)了報(bào)告文學(xué)的發(fā)展，認(rèn)為報(bào)告文學(xué)句子結(jié)構(gòu)要簡(jiǎn)單，用語要節(jié)制，想象要簡(jiǎn)練，要采用不受感情影響的、戲劇化的語調(diào)。

(2) His primary concern was an individual’s “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主題強(qiáng)調(diào)換個(gè)體“真理的瞬時(shí)性”，癡迷于描寫肉體情感方面面臨的威脅和心靈死亡等主題。

(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主題, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成為一個(gè)純粹的人.

②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”

“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”

7、John Steinbeck 約翰.斯坦貝克

①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美國大蕭條時(shí)期最杰出的小說家。

②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之間》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers

“The Grapes of Wrath”《憤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 視為杰作。

8、William Faulkner 威廉.?？思{

①作品的主題：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人類心靈與自己沖突是宇宙永恒的主題。

②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧囂與騷動(dòng)》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”

③narrative method敘述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意識(shí)流 2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多個(gè)敘述者