(1)英文中主要有這樣一些不定代詞:every, each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, litter, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.另外還有由 some, any, no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞,如:somebody, anything, nothing等。
①both, either和neither 這三詞都可以用來(lái)指兩個(gè)人或兩件事物,但各自的意義都不相同:both表示“兩個(gè)都”、either表示“兩個(gè)中的任何一個(gè)”、neither表示“兩者都不……”。它們?cè)诰渲卸挤謩e可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、和定語(yǔ),both還可以作同位語(yǔ),如: Neither of us could help laughing. You may take either of the two books. Both of the books are helpful.兩本書都很有益。 Both of the books are not helpful. 并非兩本書都很有益。Both用在含not的句中表示部分否定。 Neither可以表示全部否定。如: Neither of the books are not helpful. ②all 在談到三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物時(shí),或是不可數(shù)的事物時(shí),我們都可以用all。它在句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),有時(shí)還可以作副詞用。如: This is all he knew about it.(作表語(yǔ)) They were all covered with dust.(作副詞) All 用在含not 的句子中表示部分否定,none 可以表示全否定。如: All of the answers are right. 所有的答案都是對(duì)的。 All of the answers are not right. 并非所有的答案都是對(duì)的。 Not all of the answers are right. 并非所有的答案都是對(duì)的。 None of the answers is/are right. 所有的答案都是不對(duì)的。 all 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)一致:all的單數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單數(shù)決定。如: All goes well. All the changes are welcomed by the people. all還可以用在一些詞組中,如: all day 整天 all night 整夜 all this 所有這些 all the year round 整年 all day long 一天到晚 all the time 一直 ③each 和every each 和every 這兩個(gè)詞在中文里都有“每一個(gè)”的意思,但它們?cè)诰渥永锔髯詮?qiáng)調(diào)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)卻不同:every 從每個(gè)個(gè)體著眼而強(qiáng)調(diào)“整體”;而each 卻是把一些東西一個(gè)一個(gè)地加以考慮,強(qiáng)調(diào)“各個(gè)”。every 只能作定語(yǔ);each 則可以作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。另外,every 可用于【every other (或every+數(shù)詞)+名詞】的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示“每隔……”。 如:every other day每隔一天 every three years每隔三年 every third year每隔三年 every other line 每隔一行 every ten miles 每隔十英里 each 后可以接“of ”介詞短語(yǔ),表示“某些人或物中的每一個(gè)”,every 后不可以接“of”介詞短語(yǔ),everyone可以直接做主語(yǔ),后面不跟of,但是every one of的結(jié)構(gòu)十存在的。 不可以說(shuō):The teacher gave every of us a gift. 可以說(shuō):The teacher gave each of us a gift. 不可以說(shuō):The teacher gave everyone of us a gift. 可以說(shuō):The teacher gave every one of us a gift. each 用于做主語(yǔ)時(shí),做單數(shù)對(duì)待。each 用于同位語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一致。如: Each of us knows the matter. We each know the matter. every 與not 連用,表示部分否定;each和not連用表示全部否定。如: Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都真實(shí)。 Each man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠(chéng)實(shí)。 ④one與ones 代替前面剛提到的人或事物以避免重復(fù),one用來(lái)代替可數(shù)名詞,有復(fù)數(shù)形式ones,所有格one’s和反身代詞oneself .ones可以指代具體的人或者具體的東西,還可以泛指所有的人。如: This problem is a difficult one. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題是個(gè)不好解決的問(wèn)題。 I don’t like colored envelopes .I like white ones. 我不喜歡花信封,我喜歡白的。 This film is not as good as the one we saw last week. 這片子沒(méi)有我們上周看的好。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.(泛指)謙虛使人進(jìn)步,驕傲使人落后。 ⑤some 與any some 與any都相當(dāng)于“一些”之意,但意思并不強(qiáng),因此漢譯時(shí)經(jīng)??墒∪?#8220;一些”這樣的字眼。它們作定語(yǔ)時(shí)多,這時(shí)候some 多用于肯定句,any多用于否定句,疑問(wèn)句或條件句。在表示請(qǐng)求,建議,反問(wèn)或是希望得到肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中,常用some而不用any。另外,some可與數(shù)詞連用,表示“大約”的意思。如: Could you mind buying me some envelopes on your way to school? 你能在去上學(xué)的路上,幫我買幾個(gè)信封嗎? Will you give me some paper? 請(qǐng)給我一點(diǎn)紙。 Some hundred teachers have moved into new houses. 約有百位教師搬進(jìn)新居。 The bridge was built some two hundred years ago. 這座橋大約建于兩百年前。 ⑥few, a few; little, a little的用法 few 和a few以及l(fā)ittle和a little是兩組差異相同詞,但前一組用于可數(shù)名詞,而后一組卻用于不可數(shù)名詞;另外few與little都有“幾乎沒(méi)有”的否定意思,few用于可數(shù)名詞,little用于不可數(shù)名詞;a few與a little表示“幾個(gè)或一點(diǎn)”的肯定意思,a few用于可數(shù)名詞,a little用于不可數(shù)名詞。 ⑦other, the other, another, others, the others Other不單獨(dú)使用,其后一定出現(xiàn)名詞,如:other people, other students. 當(dāng)用于表示兩個(gè)中的另一個(gè)時(shí),用the other. The other既可單獨(dú)使用,也可后接名詞。當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)以上的人或物中其余的人或物時(shí),用the others。當(dāng)表示另外的,其他的人或物時(shí)用others。others后面不會(huì)出現(xiàn)名詞,一般單獨(dú)使用。表示無(wú)范圍的“另一”時(shí)用another。如: I don’t like the red skirt. Will you please show me another one? He had his papers in one hand, his hat in the other. Eight of them are mine, the others are John’s. Don’t speak ill of others behind them. another +數(shù)詞+名詞=數(shù)詞+more +名詞,表示“再……”“另外……”。如: I want to buy another two books. =I want to buy two more books. Some…some…others…表示“一些,一些,另一些。” the other =the rest “其余的” the rest of… 也可以表示“其余的……”可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也可接不可數(shù)名詞。如: the rest of the workers the rest of the money ⑧all/whole 兩者都表示“全部”“整個(gè)”。他們的區(qū)別在于:all可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而whole一般接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。All可用于冠詞或其他限定詞前,而whole只用于冠詞之后。如: The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting. ⑨anyone/any one; no one/none/nothing anyone 僅指人, any one既可指人,也可指物。none后跟of 短語(yǔ),既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨(dú)使用,又指人。 none 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)都可以,而no one作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能時(shí)單數(shù)。如: None of you could lift it. 你們中沒(méi)有人可舉起它。 ⑩it, one, that It 可指代可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。常常指代上文中“the+名詞”或“物主代詞+名詞” 中的名詞,表示同一件事物,it 代替的事物屬于特指。它的副數(shù)形式是they 和 them。如:The Parkers bought a new house but it need a lot of work before they can move in. One 所表示的名詞(可指人或物)和前面所提到的名詞只是同一類中的任何一個(gè),不 是指其中某一個(gè)。不能代替不可數(shù)名詞。復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones.如: I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. That指代的也是同一類事物而不是同一個(gè)事物,但that代替的是有定冠詞的名詞,表 特指,它還可以代替不可數(shù)名詞。用that來(lái)代替前面已出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞(that相當(dāng)于the One) 或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),后面一定要跟修飾語(yǔ),且that只能指物。如: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 用于可數(shù)名詞 用語(yǔ)不可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) none(of)指人或物 nobody指人, no one指人 nothing指物 回答how many/much問(wèn)句時(shí),用none none(of)指人或物 none(of)指人或物 no指人或物(=not a) He is no fool.(他絕不是蠢人) No指人或物(=not any+名詞復(fù)數(shù)) No other+名詞復(fù)數(shù) No(=not any+不可數(shù)名詞) one(of)指人或物 one another Ones指人或物 That指物 The weather here is better than that in Shanghai. Half(of)指人或物 Half(of)指人或物 Half(of)指物 the other指人或物 the other+名詞單數(shù) 指人或物(和連用) (the)others指人或物 (the)other+名詞復(fù)數(shù),指人或物(和some連用) (the)other+不可數(shù)名詞,指物(和some連用) another指人或物 another+名詞單數(shù)指人或物 any others指人或物 some others指人或物 ________________ either(of)指人或物 neither(of)指人 或物 ————— ————————— ———— both(of)指人或物 可作同位語(yǔ)We are both students. _______________ each(of),each one, each other指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物。側(cè)重個(gè)體。可作同位語(yǔ) We gave them a present each. ———— ———————— every每一個(gè)(作定語(yǔ)) every other day everybody(one)人 every one(of) 人或物 指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人和物。側(cè)重全體。 every two days ----------- ------- few(具有否定意義) a few, quite a few a good few little (具有否定意義) a little, a bit of —————— fewer(of),fewest(of) less(of), least(of) --------- several(of)幾個(gè) some someone something Some(of) Some more(+名詞復(fù)數(shù)) Some(of) Some more(不可數(shù)名詞) —————— many(of),more(of),most(of) much(of),more(of) most(of) ----------- Lots of許多, a lot(of)許多 plenty of 很多, a great/good many numbers of a great/good/large number of大量的 a quantity of, quantities of lots of許多 ,a lot(of)許多 plenty of a很多a great/good deal/amount of大量的 a quantity of, quantities of any(of)指人或物anyone, anything 用于否定,疑問(wèn)和條件句中 any(of)指人和物 any things any more any(of)指物 any more all(of)指人和物All is not gold that glisters all(of)指人和物 可作同位語(yǔ)I know them all. We all know them well. all(of) I spent all of my on books enough(of) 指人和物 enough(of)指物 such 指人和物 such 指人和物 such 指物 the last + 名詞單數(shù),指人或物 the last + 名詞復(fù)數(shù),指人或物 the next + 名詞單數(shù),指人或物 the next + 名詞復(fù)數(shù),指人或物 6. 疑問(wèn)代詞 疑問(wèn)代詞有who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever等。 疑問(wèn)代詞用于構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。 (1) which和what which 用于喲眼一定選擇范圍的情況,what 用于無(wú)選擇范圍或究竟是什么還不清楚的情況。 Which color do you like best-green, red or white? What color is her dress? (2) 疑問(wèn)代詞用于對(duì)介詞提問(wèn)時(shí),介詞和疑問(wèn)代詞通常一起放在句首。 For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么? Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all way with you. 你說(shuō)的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。 7. 關(guān)系代詞who(whom, whose), which和 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)先行詞為人或人格化的動(dòng)物時(shí)。用who, whom, whose; 當(dāng)先行詞為無(wú)生命的東西時(shí),用which, that, 適用于兩種情況。關(guān)系代詞的格取決于它在從句中的語(yǔ)法作用;關(guān)系代詞如果在從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),則用主格;如果作賓語(yǔ)則用賓語(yǔ)。如: This is the athlete who everybody says will win the gold at Winter Olympic Games.這就是那位人人都說(shuō)會(huì)在冬季奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上獲金牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。 The picture which has a house and flowers is the one I like best. 那張有房子和花的圖畫我最喜歡。 (1) 不用that的情況 ① 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) (錯(cuò)) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. ② 介詞后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which get our food from. (2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 ①在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that, 不用which。 ②先行詞有the only, the very 修飾時(shí),只用that。 ③先行詞杯序數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),只用that。 ④先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。 如: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問(wèn)題。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把透的全部東西交給了警察。 8.相互代詞 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞,有each other 和 one another 兩組。Each other用于兩個(gè)人或事情之間, one another用于兩個(gè)以上的人或事物之間,但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)終,這種區(qū)別已經(jīng)不怎么強(qiáng)烈了。如: He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有書并列擺放起來(lái)。 Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 這些小團(tuán)體通常時(shí)相互獨(dú)立的。 相互代詞可加“-s”構(gòu)成所有格。如: The students borrowed each other’s notes. 學(xué)生們互借筆記。 【典型例題】 【例1】 If one is not enough, take_______. A. one B. other C. the other D. another 【答案】 D 【解析】other不可以單獨(dú)存在,后面必須出現(xiàn)名詞。The other表示兩者終的另一個(gè)。One的指代不清楚。another表示“另一個(gè)。” 【例2】 Some students are playing basketball, _______are listening to the music. A. another B. the other C. others D. other 【答案】C 【解析】the other表示兩者終的另一個(gè)。another表示“另一個(gè)”。Other不可以單獨(dú)存在,后面必須出現(xiàn)名詞。Other表示“其余的”。 【例3】______of us like to play the game again. A. A good many B. A lots C. Many a D. Many 【答案】 D 【解析】a good many許多,用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞。不可以接of結(jié)構(gòu);a lot of/lots of 許多,用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 many a +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,意義上相當(dāng)于many+可數(shù)名詞。 【例4】What would you like for breakfast? _______will do so long as it fills my stomach. A. Anything B. Something C. Nothing D. Everything 【答案】 A 【解析】so long as 只要。Anything will do=anything will be ok隨便掃描都可以。 【例5】Which side shall I take hold of, this side or that side? You can take hold of _______ side. A. each B. either C. both D. every 【答案】 B 【解析】every表示三者或三者以上的人物。Either表示兩者終的任何一個(gè)。 【例6】--- When shall we meet again? --- Make it _______day you like; It’s all the same to me. A. one B. any C. another D. some 【答案】 B 【解析】如果按照一般的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則“any用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句,some用于肯定”而選D,這顯然是脫離了具體的語(yǔ)境。由后面“It’s all the same to me.”判斷,是讓對(duì)方任定一天,any用于肯定句,表示“任何一個(gè)的”。 |
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